Kodi Mpweya Wabwino Ndi Chiyani?

Mpweya woyera ndi wofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi, koma malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), pafupifupi 99% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi amapuma mpweya wopitirira malire awo ofunikira pakuipitsa mpweya. "Mpweya wabwino ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mumlengalenga, zomwe zimaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zoipitsa mpweya," adatero Kristina Pistone, wasayansi wofufuza ku NASA Ames Research Center. Kafukufuku wa Pistone akufotokoza za madera amlengalenga ndi nyengo, makamaka momwe tinthu tamlengalenga timakhudzira nyengo ndi mitambo. "Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa ubwino wa mpweya chifukwa umakhudza thanzi lanu komanso momwe mungakhalire moyo wanu ndikuchita zomwe mukufuna tsiku lililonse," adatero Pistone. Tinakhala pansi ndi Pistone kuti tiphunzire zambiri za ubwino wa mpweya ndi momwe ungakhudzire thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Kodi mpweya wabwino umakhala wotani?
Pali zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zoipitsa mpweya zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ku United States: tinthu tating'onoting'ono (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, ndi lead. Zinthu zimenezi zimachokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakwera mumlengalenga kuchokera ku moto ndi fumbi la m'chipululu, kapena kuchokera ku zochita za anthu, monga ozone yopangidwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kumakhudzana ndi utsi wa magalimoto.

Kodi kufunika kwa mpweya wabwino n'chiyani?
Ubwino wa mpweya umakhudza thanzi ndi moyo wabwino. "Monga momwe timafunira kumwa madzi, timafunikanso kupuma mpweya," anatero Pistone. "Tayamba kuyembekezera madzi oyera chifukwa timamvetsetsa kuti timawafunikira kuti tikhale ndi moyo wathanzi, ndipo tiyeneranso kuyembekezera chimodzimodzi kuchokera mumlengalenga wathu."

Mpweya woipa wagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira za mtima ndi kupuma mwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kukhudzana ndi nayitrogeni dioxide (NO2) kwa kanthawi kochepa kungayambitse zizindikiro za kupuma monga kutsokomola ndi kupuma movutikira, ndipo kukhudzana ndi mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali kumawonjezera chiopsezo chotenga matenda opuma monga mphumu kapena matenda opuma. Kukhudzana ndi ozoni kungapangitse mapapo kukhala ovuta ndikuwononga njira zopumira. Kukhudzana ndi mpweya wa PM2.5 (wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta 2.5 micrometers kapena tating'onoting'ono) kumayambitsa kuyabwa m'mapapo ndipo kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi matenda a mtima ndi mapapo.

Kuwonjezera pa zotsatira zake pa thanzi la anthu, mpweya woipa ungawononge chilengedwe, kuipitsa madzi kudzera mu acidization ndi eutrophication. Njirazi zimapha zomera, zimawononga michere ya m'nthaka, komanso zimavulaza nyama.

Kuyeza Ubwino wa Mpweya: Chizindikiro cha Ubwino wa Mpweya (AQI)
Ubwino wa mpweya ndi wofanana ndi nyengo; ukhoza kusintha mofulumira, ngakhale mkati mwa maola ochepa. Pofuna kuyeza ndi kupereka lipoti la ubwino wa mpweya, EPA imagwiritsa ntchito United States Air Quality Index (AQI). AQI imawerengedwa poyesa chilichonse mwa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya pa sikelo kuyambira "Yabwino" mpaka "Yoopsa," kuti ipange AQI yophatikizana ya 0-500.

“Nthawi zambiri tikamalankhula za mpweya wabwino, timakhala tikunena kuti pali zinthu zomwe zili mumlengalenga zomwe tikudziwa kuti si zabwino kuti anthu azipuma nthawi zonse,” anatero Pistone. “Chifukwa chake kuti mukhale ndi mpweya wabwino, muyenera kukhala pansi pa malire enaake a kuipitsa.” Madera padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito malire osiyanasiyana a mpweya wabwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadalira kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimaipitsa mpweya zomwe makina awo amayesa. Mu dongosolo la EPA, AQI ya 50 kapena kutsika imaonedwa kuti ndi yabwino, pomwe 51-100 imaonedwa kuti ndi yapakati. AQI yapakati pa 100 ndi 150 imaonedwa kuti ndi yosavulaza kwa magulu okhudzidwa, ndipo mitengo yapamwamba ndi yosavulaza kwa aliyense; chenjezo la thanzi limaperekedwa AQI ikafika 200. Mtengo uliwonse woposa 300 umaonedwa kuti ndi woopsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuipitsa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuchokera ku moto wakuthengo.

Kafukufuku wa Ubwino wa Mpweya wa NASA ndi Zogulitsa za Deta
Masensa a khalidwe la mpweya ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chojambulira deta ya khalidwe la mpweya pamalopo.
Mu 2022, gulu la Trace Gas Group (TGGR) ku NASA Ames Research Center linagwiritsa ntchito Inexpensive Network Sensor Technology for Exploring Pollution, kapena INSTEP: netiweki yatsopano ya masensa otsika mtengo a mpweya omwe amayesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoipitsa mpweya. Masensawa akujambula deta ya mpweya wabwino m'madera ena ku California, Colorado, ndi Mongolia, ndipo atsimikizira kuti ndi othandiza poyang'anira mpweya wabwino panthawi ya moto ku California.

Ntchito ya 2024 Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) inaphatikiza deta ya masensa ochokera ku ndege, ma satellite, ndi nsanja zochokera pansi kuti iwunikire ubwino wa mpweya m'maiko angapo ku Asia. Deta yomwe inatengedwa kuchokera ku zida zingapo pamaulendo awa, monga Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) kuchokera ku NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza mitundu ya mpweya kuti ilosere ndikuyesa mkhalidwe wa mpweya.

Mu bungwe lonse, NASA ili ndi ma satellite osiyanasiyana owonera Dziko Lapansi ndi ukadaulo wina wojambulira ndikupereka lipoti la deta ya mpweya wabwino. Mu 2023, NASA idayambitsa ntchito ya Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), yomwe imayesa mpweya wabwino ndi kuipitsidwa ku North America. Chida cha NASA cha Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) chimapatsa owonera mpweya wabwino miyeso yochokera ku zida zambiri za NASA, mkati mwa maola atatu kuchokera pamene idawonedwa.

Kuti tikhale ndi malo abwino opumira mpweya, titha kuyang'anira deta ya mpweya nthawi yomweyo. Izi ndi masensa omwe amatha kuyeza magawo osiyanasiyana a mpweya wabwino.