Mpweya wabwino ndi wofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi, koma malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO), pafupifupi 99% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi amapumira mpweya wopitilira malire awo akuwononga mpweya. "Ubwino wa mpweya ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mumlengalenga, zomwe zimaphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso zowononga mpweya," adatero Kristina Pistone, wasayansi wofufuza ku NASA Ames Research Center. Kafukufuku wa Pistone akukhudza mlengalenga komanso nyengo, ndikuwunika kwambiri momwe tinthu tamlengalenga timayendera panyengo ndi mitambo. "Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe mpweya ulili chifukwa umakhudza thanzi lanu komanso momwe mungakhalire ndi moyo wabwino," adatero Pistone. Tinakhala pansi ndi Pistone kuti tiphunzire zambiri za mpweya wabwino komanso momwe ungakhudzire thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.
Kodi mpweya wabwino ndi chiyani?
Pali zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowononga mpweya zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ku United States: particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, ndi lead. Zowononga izi zimachokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatuluka m'mlengalenga kuchokera kumoto ndi fumbi la m'chipululu, kapena kuchokera ku zochitika za anthu, monga ozoni wopangidwa kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa kumachita ndi mpweya wa galimoto.
Kodi kufunika kwa mpweya wabwino ndi chiyani?
Ubwino wa mpweya umakhudza thanzi komanso moyo wabwino. "Monga momwe timafunikira kumeza madzi, timafunikira kupuma mpweya," adatero Pistone. "Takhala tikuyembekezera madzi aukhondo chifukwa timamvetsetsa kuti timafunikira kuti tikhale ndi moyo wathanzi, komanso tiziyembekezera zomwezo kuchokera ku mpweya wathu."
Kuperewera kwa mpweya wabwino kumalumikizidwa ndi zotsatira zamtima komanso kupuma mwa anthu. Kuwonekera kwakanthawi kochepa kwa nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mwachitsanzo, kungayambitse zizindikiro za kupuma monga kutsokomola ndi kupuma, ndipo kuwonetsa kwa nthawi yaitali kumawonjezera chiopsezo chotenga matenda opuma monga mphumu kapena matenda opuma. Kuwonetsedwa ndi ozoni kumatha kukulitsa mapapu ndikuwononga mayendedwe a mpweya. Kukumana ndi PM2.5 (tinthu ting'onoting'ono 2.5 kapena ting'onoting'ono) kumayambitsa kupsa mtima kwa mapapo ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi matenda amtima ndi m'mapapo.
Kuphatikiza pa zotsatira zake pa thanzi la munthu, mpweya woipa ukhoza kuwononga chilengedwe, kuipitsa madzi kudzera mu acidification ndi eutrophication. Njira zimenezi zimapha zomera, zimawononga chakudya m’nthaka, ndiponso zimawononga nyama.
Kuyeza Ubwino wa Mpweya: Mlozera wa Ubwino wa Air (AQI)
Mpweya wabwino ndi wofanana ndi nyengo; imatha kusintha mofulumira, ngakhale mkati mwa maola ochepa chabe. Kuyeza ndi kupereka lipoti za khalidwe la mpweya, EPA imagwiritsa ntchito United States Air Quality Index (AQI). AQI imawerengedwa poyesa chilichonse mwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowononga mpweya pa sikelo kuchokera pa “Zabwino” mpaka “zowopsa,” kuti apange chiwerengero cha AQI chophatikizana 0-500.
“Nthawi zambiri tikamakamba za mpweya wabwino, timanena kuti m’mlengalenga muli zinthu zimene timadziwa kuti si zabwino kuti anthu azipuma nthawi zonse,” anatero Pistone. "Chotero kuti mukhale ndi mpweya wabwino, muyenera kukhala pansi pamlingo wina woipitsa." Madera padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito mipata yosiyanasiyana kuti akhale wabwinobwino, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatengera zomwe zimawononga dongosolo lawo. Mu dongosolo la EPA, mtengo wa AQI wa 50 kapena wotsika umawonedwa ngati wabwino, pomwe 51-100 imawonedwa ngati yocheperako. Mtengo wa AQI pakati pa 100 ndi 150 umaonedwa kuti ndi wopanda thanzi kwa magulu okhudzidwa, ndipo makhalidwe apamwamba ndi opanda thanzi kwa aliyense; chenjezo laumoyo limaperekedwa pamene AQI ifika 200. Mtengo uliwonse woposa 300 umatengedwa kuti ndi woopsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zina zochokera kumoto wolusa.
NASA Air Quality Research and Data Products
Masensa amtundu wa mpweya ndi chida chofunikira chojambulira zamtundu wa mpweya pamlingo wapafupi.
Mu 2022, gulu la Trace Gas Group (TGGR) ku NASA Ames Research Center linagwiritsa ntchito Inexpensive Network Sensor Technology for Exploring Pollution, kapena INSTEP: netiweki yatsopano ya masensa otsika mtengo omwe amayesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoipitsa. Masensawa amajambula deta yokhudzana ndi mpweya m'madera ena ku California, Colorado, ndi Mongolia, ndipo atsimikizira kuti ndi opindulitsa poyang'anira momwe mpweya ulili munyengo yamoto ku California.
The 2024 Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) mission Integrated sensor data kuchokera ku ndege, ma satellite, ndi nsanja zozikidwa pansi kuti ziwone momwe mpweya ulili m'maiko angapo ku Asia. Deta yojambulidwa kuchokera ku zida zingapo zamaulendo apandege, monga Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) kuchokera ku NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa zitsanzo za mpweya kuti zilosere komanso kuwunika momwe mpweya ulili.
Kudera lonselo, NASA ili ndi ma satellite owonera padziko lapansi ndiukadaulo wina wojambulira ndikuwonetsa zamtundu wa mpweya. Mu 2023, NASA idakhazikitsa ntchito ya Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), yomwe imayesa kuchuluka kwa mpweya komanso kuipitsa ku North America. NASA's Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) imapereka olosera zamtundu wa mpweya ndi miyeso yopangidwa kuchokera ku zida zambiri za NASA, pasanathe maola atatu kuchokera pomwe zawonedwa.
Kuti tikhale ndi malo abwino a mpweya wabwino, tikhoza kuyang'anira deta ya mpweya mu nthawi yeniyeni. Zotsatirazi ndi masensa omwe amatha kuyeza magawo osiyanasiyana a mpweya
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-04-2024