I. Zochitika Zazikulu Zogwiritsira Ntchito
Masensa a khalidwe la madzi ku Brazil amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'zochitika zazikulu izi:
1. Njira Zoperekera Madzi ku Mizinda ndi Kuyeretsa Madzi Otayidwa
Phunziro la Nkhani: SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo), kampani yayikulu kwambiri yogulitsa madzi ku Latin America, imagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masensa amadzi okhala ndi magawo ambiri pa netiweki yake yonse yoperekera madzi, kuyambira m'malo osungira madzi mpaka m'malo oyeretsera madzi.
Zochitika:
Kuwunika Madzi Ochokera ku Magwero: Kuwunika nthawi yeniyeni magawo monga pH, mpweya wosungunuka (DO), kukhuthala, kuchuluka kwa algal (chlorophyll-a), ndi machenjezo a cyanobacteria oopsa m'mabowo akuluakulu (monga Cantareira System) kuti zitsimikizire kuti madzi osaphika ndi otetezeka.
Kuwongolera Njira Yochizira: Masensa omwe ali m'malo ochizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera molondola kuchuluka kwa mankhwala (monga ma coagulants, ma disinfectants) panthawi yochita zinthu monga coagulation, sedimentation, sefa, ndi disinfecting, kukonza magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa ndalama.
Kuyang'anira Netiweki Yogawa Madzi: Malo owunikira amakhazikitsidwa m'malo onse ogawa madzi mumzinda kuti azitsatira chlorine yotsala, kutayikira kwa madzi, ndi zizindikiro zina nthawi yomweyo. Izi zimaonetsetsa kuti madzi apampopi ndi otetezeka panthawi yoyenda ndipo zimathandiza kuzindikira mwachangu zochitika za kuipitsidwa.
2. Kuwunika Kutuluka kwa Madzi Otayira M'mafakitale
Phunziro la Nkhani: Bungwe la Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) ndi mabungwe azachilengedwe aboma.
Zochitika:
Kuyang'anira Kutsatira Malamulo: Makampani omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsa (monga zamkati ndi mapepala, migodi, mankhwala, kukonza chakudya) akuyenera kukhazikitsa njira zowunikira madzi otayira pa intaneti m'malo awo otulutsira madzi. Masensa nthawi zonse amayesa magawo monga Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nayitrogeni yonse, phosphorous yonse, zitsulo zolemera (monga mercury, lead, yomwe imafuna masensa enaake), pH, ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi otayira.
Udindo: Kuonetsetsa kuti madzi otayidwa akutsatira miyezo yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi National Council for the Environment (CONAMA). Kutumiza deta nthawi yeniyeni kwa olamulira kumathandiza kupewa kutulutsa madzi osaloledwa komanso kupereka umboni wolunjika kwa apolisi.
3. Kuwunika Kuipitsidwa kwa Ulimi Kopanda Magwero Ofunika
Phunziro la Nkhani: Mabungwe ofufuza zaulimi ndi zachilengedwe m'maiko akuluakulu a ulimi monga Mato Grosso.
Zochitika:
Kuyang'anira Madzi: Ma network a masensa amayikidwa m'mabowo a mitsinje omwe ali ndi ulimi waukulu kuti ayang'anire kusintha kwa nitrates, phosphates, matope, ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Udindo: Kuwunika momwe feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo zimakhudzira madzi, kuphunzira momwe kuipitsa madzi sikumagwirira ntchito, komanso kupereka deta yothandiza pa njira zabwino zoyendetsera zinthu (BMPs) ndi mfundo zachilengedwe zimakhudzira chilengedwe.
4. Kuyang'anira Zachilengedwe za Madzi Achilengedwe (Mitsinje, Nyanja, Magombe)
Maphunziro a Nkhani:
Kafukufuku wa Amazon Basin: Magulu ofufuza ochokera ku National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) ndi mayunivesite amagwiritsa ntchito masensa okhala ndi buoy kapena omangiriridwa ndi zombo kuti ayang'anire kutentha kwa madzi, mphamvu yoyendetsera madzi (kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa madzi osungunuka), kusungunuka kwa madzi, mpweya wosungunuka, ndi kutuluka kwa CO2 mu Mtsinje wa Amazon ndi mitsinje yake. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pophunzira za kayendedwe ka madzi ndi biogeochemical m'nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri yamvula padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuwunika Kuchuluka kwa Madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja: M'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja a mizinda ikuluikulu monga Rio de Janeiro ndi São Paulo, masensa amagwiritsidwa ntchito powunika kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nyanja komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa zinyalala, kupereka machenjezo oyambirira okhudza maluwa oopsa a algae (mafunde ofiira) komanso kuteteza makampani oyendera alendo ndi ulimi wa nsomba.
Zochitika: Maboo okhazikika owunikira, zombo zowunikira zoyenda, ndi masensa onyamulika omwe ali pama drones.
5. Chenjezo Loyambirira la Masoka a Migodi ndi Kuyang'anira Masoka Pambuyo pa Masoka (Chofunika Kwambiri)
Phunziro la Nkhani: Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika zovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kuti ndi zoopsa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Brazil. Pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa madamu ku Minas Gerais (monga Samarco mu 2015 ndi Vale mu 2019), masensa abwino a madzi anakhala zida zofunika kwambiri.
Zochitika:
Machitidwe Ochenjeza Oyambirira: Ma network a masensa a nthawi yeniyeni amayikidwa m'mitsinje yomwe ili pansi pa madamu oyenda kuti azitha kuyang'anira kukwera kwadzidzidzi kwa matope, zomwe zitha kukhala ngati chizindikiro cha chenjezo loyambirira la kusweka kwa magetsi.
Kuwunika ndi Kutsata Kuipitsidwa kwa Madzi: Pambuyo pa ngozi, maukonde ambiri a masensa amayikidwa m'mabowo a mitsinje omwe akhudzidwa (monga Rio Doce, Mtsinje wa Paraopeba) kuti aziwunika nthawi zonse kuipitsidwa kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zolemera (monga chitsulo, manganese), ndi pH. Izi zimawunika kufalikira, kuopsa, komanso momwe kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kumakhudzira chilengedwe kwa nthawi yayitali, kutsogolera ntchito zokonzanso.
II. Maudindo Ofunika ndi Mapindu
Kutengera ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa, ntchito ya masensa a khalidwe la madzi ku Brazil ikhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:
Kuteteza Umoyo Wa Anthu Onse: Kuonetsetsa kuti madzi akumwa ndi otetezeka kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri okhala m'mizinda kudzera mu kuyang'anira magwero a madzi nthawi yomweyo komanso maukonde ogawa madzi, kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana ndi madzi.
Kuteteza Zachilengedwe ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo: Kupereka "umboni wotsimikizika" kwa oyang'anira zachilengedwe, kulola kuyang'anira bwino magwero a kuipitsa kwa mafakitale ndi mizinda, kuteteza zachilengedwe za m'mitsinje, nyanja, ndi m'nyanja, komanso kulola njira zothanirana ndi kutayidwa kwa madzi mosaloledwa.
Chenjezo Loyambirira la Masoka ndi Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi: Limapereka machenjezo ofunikira kwambiri m'magawo monga migodi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamuke m'madera ena. Pambuyo pa ngozi, zimathandiza kuwunika mwachangu za kuipitsidwa kwa madzi kuti zitsogolere kuyankha mwadzidzidzi.
Kukonza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino: Kumathandiza makampani opereka madzi kukonza njira zoyeretsera, kusunga mankhwala ndi mphamvu, motero kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Kuthandiza Kafukufuku wa Sayansi: Kumapatsa asayansi deta ya nthawi yayitali, yopitilira, komanso yapamwamba kwambiri yamadzi kuti aphunzire njira zachilengedwe zapadera (monga Amazon), zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi zotsatira zachilengedwe za ntchito zaulimi.
Kuwonekera kwa Deta ndi Kudziwitsa Anthu: Deta ina yowunikira (monga ubwino wa madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja) imaperekedwa kwa anthu onse, zomwe zimathandiza anthu kusankha ngati akusambira kapena kusodza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonekera poyera pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi.
Chidule
Pogwiritsa ntchito masensa abwino a madzi, dziko la Brazil likuyesetsa kuthana ndi mavuto ake okhudzana ndi madzi: kuipitsidwa chifukwa cha kukula kwa mizinda mwachangu, chiopsezo cha ngozi zamafakitale, zotsatira za kukula kwa ulimi, komanso udindo woteteza cholowa chachilengedwe chapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Ukadaulo uwu ndi maziko a dongosolo loyang'anira zachilengedwe zamadzi lokhala ndi magawo ambiri—kuphatikizapo “chenjezo loyambirira,” “kuyang'anira,” “kukakamiza,” ndi “kafukufuku.” Ngakhale kuti mavuto akadalipo pakukula kwa ntchito, kuphatikiza deta, ndi ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwawonetsa kufunika kwakukulu komanso kufunikira.
Tikhozanso kupereka njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera mavutowa
1. Chida chogwiritsira ntchito m'manja cha ubwino wa madzi okhala ndi magawo ambiri
2. Dongosolo loyandama la Buoy la ubwino wa madzi okhala ndi magawo ambiri
3. Burashi yoyeretsera yokha ya sensa yamadzi yokhala ndi magawo ambiri
4. Seti yonse ya ma seva ndi mapulogalamu opanda zingwe, imathandizira RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-01-2025