I. Zochitika Zazikulu Zogwiritsira Ntchito
Zowunikira zamadzi ku Brazil zimayikidwa makamaka pazifukwa izi:
1. Njira Zopangira Madzi a M'tawuni ndi Njira Zoyeretsera Madzi Onyansa
Nkhani Yophunzira: SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo), gawo lalikulu kwambiri lamadzi ku Latin America, limagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri masensa am'madzi okhala ndi magawo angapo pamaneti ake onse, kuyambira m'madamu mpaka kumalo opangira madzi.
Zochitika:
Kuwunika kwa Madzi kugwero: Kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ya magawo monga pH, mpweya wosungunuka (DO), turbidity, algal density (chlorophyll-a), ndi machenjezo a poizoni a cyanobacteria m'makina akuluakulu (monga Cantareira System) kuwonetsetsa kuti madzi ali otetezeka.
Kuwongolera Njira Yochizira: Makanema omwe ali m'malo opangira mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala (mwachitsanzo, ma coagulants, mankhwala ophera tizilombo) munthawi ngati coagulation, sedimentation, kusefera, ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kukonza bwino komanso kuchepetsa ndalama.
Distribution Network Monitoring: Malo owunikira amakhazikitsidwa munjira yonse yogawa madzi m'tauni kuti azitsatira chlorine yotsalira, turbidity, ndi zizindikiro zina munthawi yeniyeni. Izi zimatsimikizira chitetezo cha madzi apampopi panthawi yoyendetsa ndipo zimalola kuzindikira mwamsanga zochitika zowonongeka.
2. Industrial Wastewater Discharge Monitoring
Nkhani Yophunzira: Bungwe la Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) ndi mabungwe aboma a zachilengedwe.
Zochitika:
Kuyang'anira Kayendetsedwe ka Malamulo: Mafakitale omwe ali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa (monga zamkati ndi mapepala, migodi, mankhwala, kukonza chakudya) akuyenera kukhazikitsa njira zowunikira pa intaneti pamalo omwe amathirira madzi. Zomverera mosalekeza zimayesa magawo monga Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nayitrogeni yonse, phosphorous yonse, zitsulo zolemera (monga mercury, lead, zomwe zimafunikira masensa enaake), pH, ndi kuchuluka kwamayendedwe.
Udindo: Kuwonetsetsa kuti madzi akutayira akutsatiridwa ndi miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi National Council for the Environment (CONAMA). Kutumiza kwa data munthawi yeniyeni kwa owongolera kumathandiza kupewa kutulutsa kosaloledwa ndikupereka umboni wachindunji kwa omvera malamulo.
3. Kuyang'anira Kuwonongeka Kwaipitsa Pazaulimi
Nkhani Yophunzira: Mabungwe ofufuza zaulimi ndi zachilengedwe m'maboma akuluakulu monga Mato Grosso.
Zochitika:
Kuyang'anira Pamadzi: Masensa a masensa amayikidwa m'mitsinje yokhala ndi ulimi waukulu kwambiri kuti awone kusintha kwa ma nitrate, phosphates, turbidity, ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ntchito: Kuwunika momwe feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhudzira madzi, kufufuza njira za kuipitsidwa ndi malo omwe simalo, ndikupereka deta yodziwitsa Best Management Practices (BMPs) ndi ndondomeko za chilengedwe.
4. Madzi Achilengedwe (Mitsinje, Nyanja, Magombe) Kuyang'anira Zachilengedwe
Nkhani Zophunzira:
Kafukufuku wa Amazon Basin: Magulu ofufuza ochokera ku National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) ndi mayunivesite amagwiritsa ntchito masensa opangidwa ndi buoy kapena okwera m'chombo kuti ayang'ane kutentha kwa madzi, ma conductivity (kuyerekeza ndende ya solute), turbidity, mpweya wosungunuka, ndi CO2 fluxes mu Mtsinje wa Amazon ndi madera ake. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pophunzira za hydrology ndi biogeochemical cycles za nkhalango yamvula yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Coastal Eutrophication Monitoring: M’madzi a m’mphepete mwa nyanja a mizinda ikuluikulu monga Rio de Janeiro ndi São Paulo, masensa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang’anira kutuluka kwa madzi obwera chifukwa cha madzi a m’chimbudzi, kupereka machenjezo oyambilira a kuphulika kwa ndere zovulaza (mafunde ofiira) ndi kuteteza ntchito zokopa alendo ndi zaulimi.
Zitsanzo: Zowunikira zowunikira zokhazikika, zombo zowunikira mafoni, ndi masensa onyamula omwe amayikidwa pama drones.
5. Chenjezo Loyambirira pa Tsoka la Migodi ndi Kuyang'anira Pambuyo pa Tsoka (Ndilofunika Kwambiri)
Nkhani Yophunzira: Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri, ngakhale zomvetsa chisoni, zochitika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Brazil. Kutsatira kulephera kwa madamu ku Minas Gerais (mwachitsanzo, Samarco mu 2015 ndi Vale mu masoka a 2019), masensa amtundu wamadzi adakhala zida zofunika.
Zochitika:
Machenjezo Oyambirira: Masensa a nthawi yeniyeni amaikidwa m'mitsinje kunsi kwa madamu a tailings kuti ayang'anire spikes mwadzidzidzi mu turbidity, zomwe zingakhale ngati chenjezo lachidziwitso cha kusweka.
Kuwunika kwa Kuwonongeka kwa Kuwonongeka ndi Kutsata: Tsoka likachitika, ma sensa ambiri amayikidwa m'mitsinje yomwe yakhudzidwa (monga Rio Doce, Mtsinje wa Paraopeba) kuti aziyang'anira mosalekeza kuchuluka kwa turbidity, kuchuluka kwazitsulo zolemera (monga chitsulo, manganese), ndi pH. Izi zimawunika kufalikira, kuchulukira, komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe, ndikuwongolera zoyeserera.
II. Maudindo Ofunika Kwambiri ndi Ubwino
Kutengera milandu yomwe ili pamwambapa, gawo la masensa amadzi ku Brazil litha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:
Kuteteza Thanzi la Anthu: Kumaonetsetsa kuti madzi akumwa ali otetezeka kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri okhala m'tauni kudzera mukuyang'ana zenizeni zenizeni za magwero a madzi ndi njira zogawira madzi, kuteteza kufalikira kwa matenda obwera chifukwa cha madzi.
Kuteteza Zachilengedwe & Kukhazikitsa Malamulo: Kumapereka "umboni wovuta" kwa oyang'anira zachilengedwe, kupangitsa kuyang'anira koyenera kwa magwero a kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale ndi mizinda, kuteteza zachilengedwe za mitsinje, nyanja, zam'madzi, ndikulola kuti achitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi kutayidwa kosaloledwa.
Chenjezo Loyambirira pa Tsoka & Kuyankha Padzidzidzi: Limapereka machenjezo ofunikira mwachangu m'magawo monga migodi, kugula nthawi yofunikira kuti anthu asamuke. Pambuyo pa ngozi, amalola kuunika kofulumira kwa kuipitsidwa kuti atsogolere poyankha mwadzidzidzi.
Kupititsa patsogolo Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu: Kumathandiza ogwiritsira ntchito madzi kukhathamiritsa njira zochizira, kupulumutsa mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, potero amachepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Kuthandizira Kafukufuku wa Sayansi: Kumapatsa asayansi deta yanthawi yayitali, yosalekeza, yokhala ndi madzi pafupipafupi kuti aphunzire momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira (monga Amazon), zovuta zakusintha kwanyengo, komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira ntchito zaulimi.
Kuwonetsetsa Kwa Data & Kudziwitsa Anthu: Zambiri zowunikira (monga momwe madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja alili) zimawonekera poyera, kuthandiza anthu kusankha kusambira kapena kuwedza, potero zimakulitsa kuwonetsetsa poyang'anira zotengera zamadzi.
Chidule
Kupyolera mukugwiritsa ntchito masensa amtundu wamadzi, dziko la Brazil likulimbana ndi zovuta zomwe zili m'madzi: kuipitsidwa kwa mizinda yofulumira, chiwopsezo cha ngozi zamakampani, zovuta zakukula kwaulimi, komanso udindo woteteza cholowa chachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Ukadaulo umenewu umapanga maziko a dongosolo la kasamalidwe ka madzi kosiyanasiyana, kokwanira kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe ka madzi—kutengera “chenjezo loyambirira,” “kuwunika,” “kukakamiza,” ndi “kafukufuku.” Ngakhale zovuta zikadali pakutumiza, kuphatikiza deta, ndi ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwawonetsa phindu lalikulu komanso kufunikira.
Titha kuperekanso njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera
1. M'manja mita kwa Mipikisano parameter madzi khalidwe
2. Dongosolo la Buoy loyandama lamtundu wamadzi wamitundu yambiri
3. Burashi yotsuka yokha yamadzi ambiri amadzimadzi
4. Seti yathunthu ya ma seva ndi pulogalamu yopanda zingwe, imathandizira RS485 GPRS / 4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamadzi zambiri,
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Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-01-2025