Chiyambi: Udindo Wofunika Kwambiri wa Deta Yolondola ya Mvula
Deta yolondola ya mvula ndiye maziko a kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe zamakono komanso chitetezo cha anthu. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika, kuyambira kupereka machenjezo a nthawi yake okhudza kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kukonza nthawi yothirira ulimi mpaka kukonzekera ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zotulutsira madzi m'matauni. Pakati pa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa deta iyi, Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge (TBRG) ndi imodzi mwa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa maukonde owunikira zanyengo padziko lonse lapansi.
Kutchuka kwake kumachokera ku mfundo yosavuta yogwirira ntchito, kusavuta kupanga zotulutsa za digito, komanso magwiridwe antchito ake okhazikika, makamaka panthawi yamvula yamphamvu kwambiri. Komabe, mapangidwe achikhalidwe ali ndi zovuta zolondola zomwe zingasokoneze ubwino wa deta. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za sayansi ya TBRG yamakono yomwe imathetsa mavutowa, pogwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms apamwamba komanso mawonekedwe othandiza kuti ipereke mulingo watsopano wolondola womwe umadalira miyezo yotsimikizika yamakampani.
1. Kumvetsetsa Chidebe Chodumpha: Njira Yakale
Mfundo yofunikira yogwiritsira ntchito Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chosinthira njira yopitilira ya thupi kukhala zochitika zosiyana, zowerengeka. Njirayi imachitika motsatizana bwino:
1.Zosonkhanitsira:Madzi amvula amagwidwa ndi malo osungira madzi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mainchesi 300 kuti atsimikizire kuti deta ikugwirizana. Kenako madziwo amawongoleredwa kudzera mu sefa, yomwe imachotsa masamba ndi zinyalala, ndikulowa mu funnel.
2.Muyeso:Kuchokera mu funnel, madzi amalowa mu chimodzi mwa zipinda ziwiri zolinganizika bwino komanso zofanana. Gawo lalikulu ili ndi kapangidwe ka "makina osinthika", kopangidwa kuti kazungulire pa mzere wocheperako.
3."Langizo":Pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kwatchulidwa kale kwasonkhana m'chipindamo—kuchuluka komwe, malinga ndi miyezo yodziwika bwino yamakampani, kumafanana ndi kuya kwa mvula ya 0.1mm—mphamvu yokoka yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha izi imapangitsa kuti chidebe chonsecho chisayende bwino ndikugwa.
4.Kupanga Zizindikiro:Pamene chidebecho chikutha, maginito ang'onoang'ono amadutsa chosinthira cha bango, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolumikizira zake zamkati zitseke ndikupanga kugunda kwamagetsi kamodzi. Izi zimachotsa chipinda chonsecho nthawi yomweyo ndikuyika chipinda chopanda kanthu pansi pa funnel kuti ayambe kuzungulira kwina kosonkhanitsa. Mu mapangidwe apamwamba, maginito amalekanitsidwa ndi chidebecho ndi "njira yowerengera yosinthira," chinthu chanzeru chomwe chimaletsa mphamvu zamaginito kusokoneza mphamvu ya chidebecho.
Mu dongosolo lachikhalidwe, kugunda kwa magetsi kulikonse kumayimira kuchuluka kwa mvula yokhazikika. Chifukwa chake mvula yonse imawerengedwa pongowerengera kuchuluka kwa kugunda kwa mphepo panthawi inayake.
2. Vuto Lolondola: Kuvumbula Zolakwika Zachibadwa
Ngakhale kuti mfundoyi ndi yosavuta, zinthu zingapo zakuthupi zimayambitsa zolakwika muyeso pansi pa zochitika zenizeni, zomwe zimalepheretsa ma gauge achikhalidwe kuti asakwaniritse kulondola kwakukulu komwe kumafunika pakugwiritsa ntchito masiku ano.
Vuto la 'Kutayika Kwambiri'
Chifukwa chachikulu cha kulakwitsa poyeza, makamaka panthawi yamvula yamphamvu kwambiri, ndi chinthu chodziwika kuti "kutayika kwamphamvu." Izi zikutanthauza madzi amvula omwe amatayika pakanthawi kochepa - nthawi zambiri gawo la sekondi - njira ya chidebe imakhala ikuyenda, ikutsika kuchokera mbali imodzi kupita ku ina. Pakusintha kumeneku, madzi olowa kuchokera mu funnel sagwidwa ndi chipinda chilichonse ndipo amatayika kuchokera muyeso. Kutayika kumeneku kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya mvula; mvula ikagwa kwambiri, nsonga za chidebe zimathamanga, ndipo madzi ambiri amatayika pakati pa nsonga. Zotsatirazi zingayambitse miyeso yomwe ili yotsika ndi 5% mpaka 10% kuposa mvula yeniyeni panthawi yamkuntho waukulu.
Magwero Ena a Zolakwika Zazikulu
Kupatula kutayika kwa mphamvu, zinthu zina zingapo zimathandiza pa kusatsimikizika kwa muyeso:
•Kumatira ndi Kutuluka kwa Nthunzi:Pakagwa mvula yochepa kapena kumayambiriro kwa chochitika, madzi amamatira pamwamba pa funnel ndi zidebe. Mu nyengo youma kapena yotentha, chinyezi ichi chimatha kuphwanyika chisanayesedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pasakhale malipoti okwanira a mvula yochepa.
•Cholakwika Chokhudza Kufalikira:Madontho amvula amphamvu kwambiri amatha kugunda m'mphepete mwa chosonkhanitsacho n'kutulutsa madzi, pomwe ena amatha kugunda mkati mwa funnel n'kutulutsa madzi m'chidebe china, zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwika zoyipa komanso zabwino.
•Kulinganiza kwa Makina ndi Kuchotsa Chizindikiro:Ngati chipangizocho sichili bwino, mphamvu yogoba ya chidebe chilichonse sidzakhala yofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale cholakwika. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhudzana kwa makina a reed switch kumatha "kudumphadumpha," ndikupanga zizindikiro zambiri zabodza kuchokera ku nsonga imodzi. Njira yolakwika yolumikizira zamagetsi imatha kuphonya nsonga zenizeni pakagwa mvula yambiri kapena kuwerengera nsonga imodzi kangapo.
Kutanthauzira Kulondola: Zizindikiro Zamakampani
Kuti chionedwe ngati chida chodalirika, choyezera mvula chiyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima yogwirira ntchito. Miyezo yamakampani, monga HJ/T 175—2005 ku China, imapereka dongosolo lowerengera la "kulondola kwambiri." Cholakwika cha 5% mpaka 10% kuchokera ku kutayika kwa mphamvu ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pamene miyezo iyi imafuna kulondola kwakukulu. Zizindikiro zazikulu zikuphatikizapo:
| Chizindikiro | Zofunikira Zaukadaulo |
| Kuyamba Kuyang'anira Kugwa kwa Mvula | ≤ 0.5 mm |
| Cholakwika pa Muyeso (pa mvula yonse ≤ 10 mm) | ± 0.4 mm |
| Cholakwika pa Muyeso (pa mvula yonse yoposa 10 mm) | ± 4% |
| Kusasinthika Kochepa | 0.1 mm |
Kukwaniritsa miyezo iyi, makamaka kulekerera kwa ±4% panthawi yamvula yamphamvu, n'kosatheka kwa TBRG yachikhalidwe popanda njira yanzeru yowongolera.
3. Yankho Lanzeru: Kukwaniritsa Zolondola ndi Ma Algorithms Apamwamba
Yankho lamakono la vuto lolondola silipezeka mu kukonzanso kovuta kwa makina, koma mu mapulogalamu anzeru omwe amagwira ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake kolimba. Njira iyi imakonza zolakwika zomwe zilipo mwa kuwonjezera luntha la digito ku makina otsimikiziridwa.
Kuchokera ku 'Kuwerengera' mpaka 'Kufotokozera Makhalidwe': Mphamvu ya Nthawi ya Chidebe
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa chipangizochi kugwira ntchito ndi nsonga iliyonse. M'malo mongowerengera ma pulse, wotchi yamkati yamkati ya makinawa imayesa molondola nthawi yomwe ili pakati pa nsonga iliyonse yotsatizana. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa "nthawi ya chidebe".
Muyeso uwu umapereka kusintha kwatsopano kwamphamvu. Pali ubale wosiyana pakati pa nthawi ya chidebe ndi mphamvu ya mvula: nthawi yochepa imasonyeza mvula yambiri, pomwe nthawi yayitali imasonyeza mvula yochepa. Microprocessor yomwe ili mkati mwake imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya chidebechi ngati cholowera chofunikira mu chitsanzo chosinthira mphamvu chosakhala cha mzere, chomwe chimafotokoza ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mvula yeniyeni pa nsonga iliyonse ndi nthawi ya nsonga iliyonse. Ubale uwu, woimiridwa ndi ntchito yokonza
J = 0, imalola chipangizochi kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mvula yeniyeni yansonga iliyonse payekhaPa nsonga zokhala ndi nthawi yochepa (mphamvu yayikulu), njira iyi imawerengera mvula yochulukirapo pang'ono, ndikuwonjezera bwino madzi omwe akanatayika chifukwa cha mphamvu yotayika.Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu iyi ikuphatikizapo mfundo ya "kukonza zinthu mozungulira, pang'onopang'ono kuyandikira mkhalidwe woyenera." Imalola kuti kuwerengera kwa chipangizocho kukonzedwe bwino ndikusinthidwa m'munda mwa kusintha magawo a mapulogalamu m'malo mosintha zinthu zovuta zamakina ku zolemera kapena zomangira. Izi ndi phindu lalikulu la magwiridwe antchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukonza kwa nthawi yayitali kukhale kosavuta komanso kuonetsetsa kuti kulondola kwake kukupitilizabe.
4. Yopangidwira Munda: Zinthu Zothandiza ndi Magwiritsidwe Ntchito
Kupatula ukadaulo wamkati, choyezera mvula chamakono chapangidwa ndi zinthu zothandiza kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'mikhalidwe yovuta.
Kuonetsetsa Kudalirika Kwa Nthawi Yaitali: Ubwino Wotsutsana ndi Kubereka
Chithunzi 1: Funeli yosonkhanitsira mvula yokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoletsa kutsekeka kwa zisa, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popewa kutsekeka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti deta ya nthawi yayitali ikugwira ntchito bwino m'munda.
Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha wosonkhanitsa ndi mikwingwirima yakuthwa yozungulira mkombero wake. Ichi ndi choletsa chosavuta komanso chogwira mtima kwambiri chomwe chimaletsa mbalame kuti zisakwere ndi kumanga zisa mkati mwa funnel ya gauge. Chisa cha mbalame ndicho chifukwa chachikulu cha kulephera kwa munda, chifukwa chimatha kutseka funnel kwathunthu ndikupangitsa kuti deta yonse itayike. Chinthu choletsa kuyika zisa ichi chimaletsa kutsekeka kotereku, kukonza mwachindunji kupezeka kwa deta, kuonetsetsa kuti deta ndi yolondola, komanso kuchepetsa maulendo okwera mtengo okakonza malo.
Kumene Kulondola Kuli Kofunika: Zochitika Zofunikira Zogwiritsira Ntchito
Deta yolondola kwambiri yoperekedwa ndi ma gauge apamwamba awa ndi yofunika kwambiri m'magawo ambiri:
•Meteorology ndi Hydrology:Amapereka deta yolondola yowunikira kayendedwe ka madzi, kulosera nyengo, komanso kafukufuku wasayansi wokhudza momwe nyengo imayendera.
•Chenjezo ndi Kupewa Kusefukira kwa Madzi:Imapereka deta yodalirika komanso yeniyeni yamphamvu ya mvula yofunikira pa machenjezo oyambirira, kuthandiza kuteteza miyoyo ndi katundu.
•Kasamalidwe ka Ulimi:Zimathandiza kuti ulimi wothirira ukhale wolondola malinga ndi mvula yeniyeni yomwe yagwa, zomwe zimathandiza kusunga madzi ndikuwonjezera zokolola.
•Kusamalira Madzi a M'mizinda:Imathandizira kapangidwe kogwira mtima komanso kuwongolera nthawi yeniyeni kwa maukonde otulutsira madzi m'mizinda komanso njira zoyendetsera madzi amvula kuti apewe kusefukira kwa madzi m'mizinda.
Kuyerekeza: Yankho Loyenera
TBRG yamakono, yokonzedwa ndi algorithm, ili ndi malo apadera komanso ofunika pakati pa ukadaulo woyezera mvula. Ngakhale kuti pali zida zina, chilichonse chimabwera ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana:
•Zoyezera Kulemera:Amapereka kulondola kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyeza mvula yolimba ngati chipale chofewa. Komabe, ndi ovuta kwambiri pamakina, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugwedezeka koyambitsidwa ndi mphepo, ndipo ali ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito netiweki yayikulu.
•Ma Siphon Gauges:Perekani mbiri yokhazikika ya mvula koma nthawi zambiri imalephera kugwira ntchito, imafunika kukonzedwa pafupipafupi, ndipo imakhala ndi "malo osawoneka" panthawi yopopera madzi mwachangu.
•Ma Gauge Owoneka:Alibe ziwalo zosuntha ndipo amapereka nthawi yoyankha mwachangu, koma kulondola kwawo kumadalira zitsanzo za ziwerengero kuti asinthe kuwala kukhala mvula ndipo akhoza kusokonezedwa ndi chifunga kapena kuipitsidwa ndi lenzi.
TBRG yanzeru imatseka bwino kusiyana kwa kulondola ndi zoyezera zokwera mtengo, makamaka za mvula yamadzimadzi, pomwe imasunga kulimba kwachilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama zomwe zidapangitsa kapangidwe koyambirira kukhala kofala kwambiri.
5. Mapeto: Zabwino Kwambiri Padziko Lonse
Choyezera mvula chamakono cholondola kwambiri chimalumikiza bwino kulimba komanso kuphweka kwa kapangidwe ka makina achikhalidwe ndi kulondola kwapamwamba kwa makina owongolera anzeru, oyendetsedwa ndi mapulogalamu. Mwa kulongosola nsonga iliyonse kutengera nthawi yake m'malo mongoiwerengera, imagonjetsa kutayika kwamphamvu komwe kumakhudza mitundu yakale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yolondola yamakampani pamlingo wonse wa mvula.
Imakhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa kulondola ndi kuchita bwino. Ngakhale kuti ma gauge oyezera angapereke kulondola kwakukulu pamalo olamulidwa, TBRG yokonzedwa ndi algorithm imapereka magwiridwe antchito ofanana kwambiri komanso kulimba kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama pa ma network akuluakulu. Kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zothandiza zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, imakhala yankho lolimba, lolondola, komanso losasamalira bwino kwa katswiri aliyense amene akufuna deta yodalirika komanso yapamwamba yamvula.
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