Kufunika kwakukulu kwa madzi oyera kukubweretsa kusowa kwa madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene chiwerengero cha anthu chikupitirira kukula ndipo anthu ambiri akusamukira kumizinda, mabungwe opereka madzi akukumana ndi mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi ntchito zawo zoperekera madzi ndi kukonza madzi. Kasamalidwe ka madzi m'deralo sikunganyalanyazidwe, chifukwa bungwe la United Nations likuyerekeza kuti mizinda ndi yomwe imachotsa madzi abwino ambiri m'madzi oyera. [1] Kuwonjezera pa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa madzi, mabungwe opereka madzi akuvutika kutsatira malamulo atsopano okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, miyezo yosamalira madzi otayidwa, ndi njira zotetezera chilengedwe pamene akukumana ndi zomangamanga zakale komanso ndalama zochepa.
Mafakitale ambiri ali pachiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa madzi. Madzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zoziziritsa ndi kuyeretsa, ndipo madzi otayira omwe amabwera ayenera kutsukidwa asanagwiritsidwenso ntchito kapena kubwezeretsedwanso ku chilengedwe. Zonyansa zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mafuta, ndipo zimatha kupanga zotsalira zomwe zimafuna kutsukidwa kwapadera. Njira zotsukira madzi otayira m'mafakitale ziyenera kukhala zotsika mtengo komanso zokhoza kutsuka madzi otayira ambiri pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana komanso pH.
Kupeza kusefa kogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga njira zotsukira madzi za m'badwo wotsatira. Ma nembanemba otsukira apamwamba amapereka njira yothandiza kwambiri komanso yosungira mphamvu, ndipo opanga akupitilizabe kupanga ukadaulo watsopano kuti akwaniritse zosowa za mafakitale ndi mizinda ndikukhala patsogolo pa kusintha kwa malamulo okhudza kusunga madzi ndikugwiritsanso ntchito.
Kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza kupezeka kwa madzi ndi ubwino wa madzi. Mphepo yamkuntho ndi kusefukira kwa madzi zimatha kuwononga madzi, kuchulukitsa kufalikira kwa zinthu zoipitsa, ndipo kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja kungayambitse kuchuluka kwa madzi amchere. Chilala chomwe chakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali chikuchepetsa madzi omwe alipo, ndipo mayiko angapo akumadzulo, kuphatikizapo Arizona, California ndi Nevada, akuika malamulo oletsa kusungidwa kwa madzi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi ku Colorado River Basin.
Zomangamanga zoperekera madzi zimafunanso kusintha kwakukulu ndi ndalama. Mu kafukufuku wake waposachedwa wokhudza zosowa za malo osungira madzi oyera, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) linapeza kuti ndalama zokwana $630 biliyoni zidzafunika pazaka 20 zikubwerazi kuti pakhale madzi oyera okwanira, ndipo 55% ya ndalamazo zikufunika pa zomangamanga za madzi otayidwa. [2] Zina mwa zofunikirazi zimachokera ku miyezo yatsopano yosamalira madzi, kuphatikizapo Safe Drinking Water Act ndi lamulo lokhazikitsa milingo yayikulu ya mankhwala monga nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous. Njira yothandiza yosefera ndiyofunika kwambiri pochotsa zodetsa izi ndikupereka madzi otetezeka komanso oyera.
Malamulo a PFAS samangokhudza miyezo yotulutsa madzi okha, komanso amakhudza mwachindunji ukadaulo wosefera. Chifukwa chakuti mankhwala opangidwa ndi fluorine ndi olimba kwambiri, akhala chinthu chofala m'ma nembanemba ena, monga polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Opanga zosefera za membrane ayenera kupanga zinthu zina zomwe sizili ndi PTFE kapena mankhwala ena a PFAS kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zatsopano zoyendetsera.
Pamene mabizinesi ndi maboma ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu amphamvu a ESG, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa mpweya woipa kumakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Kupanga magetsi ndi gwero lalikulu la mpweya woipa, ndipo kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse ndi njira yofunika kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika.
Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency linanena kuti malo oyeretsera madzi akumwa ndi madzi otayira nthawi zambiri ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri m'mizinda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale 30 mpaka 40 peresenti ya mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. [3] Magulu azinthu zamadzi, monga American Water Alliance, akuphatikizapo mabungwe othandizira madzi odzipereka kuchepetsa mpweya woipa m'magawo amadzi kudzera mu njira zochepetsera kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kasamalidwe ka madzi kosatha. Kwa opanga kusefa kwa nembanemba, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uliwonse watsopano.
Tikhoza kupereka masensa osiyanasiyana kuti tiwone momwe madzi alili
Choyezera ichi chimapangidwa ndi zinthu za PTFE (Teflon), zomwe sizimawononga dzimbiri ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja, ulimi wa m'madzi ndi m'madzi okhala ndi pH yambiri komanso dzimbiri lamphamvu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-09-2024