Kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa madzi aukhondo kukuchititsa kusowa kwa madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene chiwerengero cha anthu chikuchulukirachulukira komanso anthu ambiri akusamukira kumadera akumidzi, zogwiritsira ntchito madzi zimakumana ndi mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi ntchito zawo zoperekera madzi ndi kuyeretsa. Kasamalidwe ka madzi am'deralo sanganyalanyazidwe, monga bungwe la United Nations likuyerekeza kuti mizinda imakhala ndi 12% ya madzi onse omwe amachotsa madzi opanda mchere. [1] Kuphatikiza pakukula kwa kufunikira kwa madzi, mabungwe akuvutika kutsatira malamulo atsopano okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, miyezo yoyeretsera madzi akuwonongeka, ndi njira zokhazikika pomwe akukumana ndi zomangamanga zakale komanso ndalama zochepa.
Mafakitale ambiri alinso pachiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa madzi. Madzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kuziziritsa ndi kuyeretsa, ndipo madzi otayira omwe atulukapo ayenera kuyeretsedwa asanagwiritsidwenso ntchito kapena kubwezeredwa ku chilengedwe. Zowonongeka zina zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa, monga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamafuta, ndipo zimatha kupanga zotsalira zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro chapadera. Njira zoyeretsera madzi otayira m'mafakitale ziyenera kukhala zotsika mtengo komanso zotha kuthira madzi ambiri otayira pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana ndi pH.
Kukwaniritsa kusefera kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa m'badwo wotsatira wa njira zothetsera madzi. Zida zosefera zapamwamba zimapereka njira yochizira yothandiza kwambiri komanso yopulumutsa mphamvu, ndipo opanga akupitilira kupanga matekinoloje atsopano kuti akwaniritse zosowa zamafakitale ndi matauni ndikukhala patsogolo pakusintha kwa malamulo osunga madzi ndikugwiritsanso ntchito.
Kusintha kwa nyengo kumakhudza kaperekedwe ka madzi ndi ubwino wa madzi. Mphepo yamkuntho ndi kusefukira kwa madzi kumatha kuwononga madzi, kuchulukitsa kufalikira kwa zowononga, komanso kukwera kwamadzi am'nyanja kungayambitse kulowerera kwa madzi amchere. Chilala chomwe chatenga nthawi yayitali chikuchepetsa madzi omwe akupezeka, pomwe mayiko angapo akumadzulo, kuphatikiza Arizona, California ndi Nevada, akukhazikitsa ziletso zachitetezo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi ku Colorado River Basin.
Zomangamanga zoperekera madzi zimafunikiranso kuwongolera kwakukulu ndi ndalama. Pakafukufuku wake waposachedwa wa zosoweka zamadzi oyera, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lidapeza kuti $ 630 biliyoni idzafunika pazaka 20 zikubwerazi kuti apereke madzi oyera okwanira, ndi 55% ya ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pakumanga madzi oyipa. [2] Zina mwa zofunika izi zimachokera ku mfundo zatsopano zoyeretsera madzi, kuphatikizapo Safe Drinking Water Act ndi malamulo okhazikitsa mlingo waukulu wa mankhwala monga nitrogen ndi phosphorous. Njira yosefera yogwira ntchito ndiyofunikira kwambiri kuti muchotse zonyansazi ndikupereka gwero lamadzi labwino komanso laukhondo.
Malamulo a PFAS samangokhudza miyezo yotulutsa madzi, komanso amakhudzanso ukadaulo wazosefera. Chifukwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi fluorinated ndi olimba kwambiri, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ena, monga polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Opanga ma membrane fyuluta ayenera kupanga zida zina zomwe zilibe PTFE kapena mankhwala ena a PFAS kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zowongolera.
Pamene mabizinesi ndi maboma ambiri akutenga mapulogalamu amphamvu a ESG, kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Kupanga magetsi ndi gwero lalikulu la mpweya, ndipo kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse ndi njira yofunikira kuti mukwaniritse zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika.
Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency linanena kuti malo opangira madzi akumwa ndi madzi oyipa nthawi zambiri ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri m'matauni, omwe amawerengera 30 mpaka 40 peresenti ya mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. [3] Magulu opangira madzi, monga American Water Alliance, akuphatikizapo zogwiritsira ntchito madzi odzipereka kuti achepetse mpweya wowonjezera kutentha m'madera amadzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kayendetsedwe ka madzi kokhazikika. Kwa opanga masefa a membrane, mphamvu zamagetsi ndizofunikira kwambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wina uliwonse.
Titha kupereka masensa osiyanasiyana kuti tiwunikire magawo osiyanasiyana amadzi
Sensor probe iyi imapangidwa ndi zinthu za PTFE (Teflon), zomwe sizikhala ndi dzimbiri ndipo zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja, m'madzi am'madzi ndi m'madzi okhala ndi pH yayikulu komanso dzimbiri lamphamvu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-09-2024