Zipangizo zoyezera mpweya zomwe sizingaphulike zimathandiza kwambiri pa chitetezo cha mafakitale ku Kazakhstan konse. Izi ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, mavuto, ndi mayankho m'dzikolo.
Nkhani ndi Zosowa Zamakampani ku Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan ndi kampani yayikulu mu mafakitale amafuta, gasi, migodi, ndi mankhwala. Malo ogwirira ntchito m'magawo awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zoopsa kuchokera ku mpweya woyaka (methane, VOCs), mpweya woopsa (Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S, Carbon Monoxide CO), ndi kusowa kwa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, masensa a gasi osaphulika ndi zida zofunika kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, kupewa ngozi zoopsa, komanso kusunga ntchito yopitilira.
Kufunika kwa Chitsimikizo Chosaphulika: Ku Kazakhstan, zida zotere ziyenera kutsatira malamulo aukadaulo am'deralo komanso ziphaso zovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi zosagwirizana ndi kuphulika, monga miyezo ya ATEX (EU) ndi IECEx (International), kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili otetezeka m'malo oopsa.
Milandu Yeniyeni Yogwiritsira Ntchito
Nkhani 1: Kutulutsa Mafuta ndi Gasi Kumtunda - Ma Rig Obowolera ndi Mitunda Yazitsime
- Malo: Malo akuluakulu opangira mafuta ndi gasi monga Tengiz, Kashagan, ndi Karachaganak.
- Chitsanzo Chogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'anira mpweya woyaka ndi Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) pamapulatifomu obowola, makoma olumikizira zitsime, zolekanitsa, ndi malo osonkhanitsira.
- Mavuto:
- Malo Ovuta Kwambiri: Kuzizira kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira (pansi pa -30°C), fumbi la chilimwe/mphepo yamkuntho, zomwe zimafuna kuti zipangizo zisawonongeke ndi nyengo.
- Kuchuluka kwa H₂S: Mafuta osakonzedwa ndi gasi wachilengedwe m'magawo ambiri ali ndi kuchuluka kwa H₂S woopsa kwambiri, komwe ngakhale kutayikira pang'ono kumatha kupha.
- Kuwunika Kosalekeza: Njira yopangira zinthu imakhala yopitilira; kusokonezeka kulikonse kumabweretsa kutayika kwakukulu kwachuma, zomwe zimafuna kuti masensa azigwira ntchito modalirika komanso mokhazikika.
- Mayankho:
- Kukhazikitsa makina ozindikira mpweya wokhazikika omwe ali otetezeka kapena otetezedwa ndi moto.
- Masensa amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya Catalytic Bead (LEL) pazinthu zoyaka moto ndi maselo a Electrochemical pakusowa kwa H₂S ndi O₂.
- Masensa awa amaikidwa mwanzeru m'malo omwe angatulukire madzi (monga pafupi ndi ma valve, ma flange, ma compressor).
- Zotsatira:
- Mpweya ukafika pamlingo wochepa wa alamu yokonzedweratu, ma alamu omveka ndi owoneka amayatsidwa nthawi yomweyo m'chipinda chowongolera.
- Alamu ikafika pamlingo wapamwamba, makinawo amatha kuyambitsa njira zodzizimitsa mwadzidzidzi (ESD), monga kutseka ma valve, kuyambitsa mpweya wabwino, kapena kutseka njira, kuteteza moto, kuphulika, kapena poizoni.
- Ogwira ntchito alinso ndi zida zodziwira mpweya zomwe sizingaphulike zomwe zimanyamulika kuti zilowe m'malo otsekedwa komanso kuti ziziyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse.
Nkhani Yachiwiri: Mapaipi Opatsira Mpweya Wachilengedwe & Malo Opatsira Mpweya Wachilengedwe
- Malo: Malo oimikapo ma compressor ndi malo oimikapo ma valve m'mphepete mwa ma network a mapaipi a trans-Kazakhstan (monga mapaipi a Central Asia-Center).
- Chitsanzo Chogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'anira kutuluka kwa methane m'malo opangira compressor, ma regulator skid, ndi malo olumikizira mapaipi.
- Mavuto:
- Kutaya Kovuta Kuzindikira: Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mapaipi kumatanthauza kuti ngakhale kutaya pang'ono kungakhale koopsa mwachangu.
- Malo Opanda Anthu: Malo ambiri osungira ma valve akutali amakhala opanda anthu, zomwe zimafuna kuyang'aniridwa patali komanso luso lodzifufuza.
- Mayankho:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ma sensor a gasi oyaka omwe amayamwa ndi infrared (IR) omwe sayaka. Izi sizimakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wosowa mpweya ndipo zimakhala ndi moyo wautali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwambiri pa gasi wachilengedwe (makamaka methane).
- Kuphatikiza masensa mu machitidwe a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) kuti atumize deta kutali komanso kuyang'anira pakati.
- Zotsatira:
- Imathandizira kuyang'anira zomangamanga zofunika maola 24 pa tsiku, masiku 7 pa sabata. Chipinda chowongolera chapakati chimatha kupeza nthawi yomweyo komwe kutayikira madzi ndikutumiza gulu lokonza, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yoyankha ndikuteteza chitetezo cha mtsempha wamagetsi wadziko lonse.
Nkhani 3: Kukumba Malasha - Kuwunika Gasi Pansi pa Pansi
- Malo: Migodi ya malasha m'madera ngati Karaganda.
- Chitsanzo Chogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa fireamp (makamaka methane) ndi carbon monoxide m'misewu ya migodi ndi malo ogwirira ntchito.
- Mavuto:
- Kuopsa Kwambiri kwa Kuphulika: Kuchulukana kwa methane ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kuphulika kwa migodi ya malasha.
- Malo Ovuta: Chinyezi chochuluka, fumbi lochuluka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina.
- Mayankho:
- Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masensa a methane otetezedwa ndi migodi, opangidwa mwapadera kuti athe kupirira nyengo zovuta zapansi panthaka.
- Kupanga netiweki yolimba ya masensa yokhala ndi kutumiza deta nthawi yeniyeni kupita ku malo otumizira deta pamwamba.
- Zotsatira:
- Pamene kuchuluka kwa methane kupitirira malire otetezeka, dongosololi limangochepetsa mphamvu ya magetsi ku gawo lomwe lakhudzidwalo ndikuyambitsa ma alarm othawa, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kuphulika kwa methane.
- Kuwunika nthawi imodzi kwa carbon monoxide kumathandiza kuzindikira zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuyaka mwadzidzidzi m'magawo a malasha.
Nkhani 4: Malo Oyeretsera Mankhwala ndi Mafuta
- Malo: Malo oyeretsera zinthu ndi zomera za mankhwala m'mizinda monga Atyrau ndi Shymkent.
- Chitsanzo Chogwiritsira Ntchito: Kuyang'anira mpweya wosiyanasiyana woyaka ndi woopsa m'malo oyeretsera mpweya, m'mafamu a matanki, m'malo opopera mpweya, ndi m'malo otulutsira katundu/kutsitsa katundu.
- Mavuto:
- Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Mpweya: Kupatula zinthu zoyaka moto wamba, mpweya winawake wapoizoni monga benzene, ammonia, kapena chlorine ukhoza kukhalapo.
- Mpweya Wowononga: Nthunzi zochokera ku mankhwala ena zimatha kuwononga masensa.
- Mayankho:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira mpweya wambiri, komwe mutu umodzi ukhoza kuyang'anira mpweya woyaka ndi mpweya woopsa 1-2 nthawi imodzi.
- Kupatsa masensa malo osungira fumbi/madzi (IP-rated) komanso zosefera zosagwira dzimbiri.
- Zotsatira:
- Amapereka kuwunika kwathunthu chitetezo cha gasi pa njira zovuta zopangira mankhwala, kuteteza ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ndi madera ozungulira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo okhwima achitetezo cha mafakitale ndi chilengedwe ku Kazakhstan akutsatira.
Chidule
Ku Kazakhstan, masensa a gasi osaphulika si zida wamba; ndi "njira yothandiza" pachitetezo cha mafakitale. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwenikweni kumakhudza mbali zonse za mphamvu ndi mafakitale akuluakulu, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, chitetezo cha chuma cha mabiliyoni ambiri, komanso kukhazikika kwachuma cha dzikolo.
Ndi ukadaulo wopita patsogolo, masensa okhala ndi luso lanzeru, kulumikizana ndi mawayilesi opanda zingwe, moyo wautali, komanso kudziyesa bwino kwatsopano zikukhala njira yatsopano m'mapulojekiti atsopano komanso zosintha mkati mwa Kazakhstan, zomwe zikulimbitsa maziko a kupanga kotetezeka m'dziko lolemerali.
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