Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha matekinoloje monga intaneti ya Zinthu ndi luntha lochita kupanga, masensa a gasi, chida chofunikira chodziwikiratu chotchedwa "magetsi asanu amagetsi", akulandira mwayi wachitukuko womwe sunachitikepo. Kuyambira pakuwunika koyambirira kwa mpweya wapoizoni komanso wowopsa wamakampani mpaka momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pakuzindikira zachipatala, nyumba yanzeru, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe ndi magawo ena masiku ano, ukadaulo wa sensa ya gasi ukusintha kwambiri kuchokera ku ntchito imodzi kupita ku luntha, miniaturization ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momveka bwino zaukadaulo, momwe kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri komanso momwe ma sensa a gasi amagwiritsidwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka makamaka pazochitika zachitukuko pankhani yowunikira mpweya m'maiko monga China ndi United States.
Makhalidwe aukatswiri ndi kakulidwe ka masensa a gasi
Monga chosinthira chomwe chimasintha kagawo kakang'ono ka gasi wina kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi chofananira, sensa yamagesi yakhala chinthu chofunikira komanso chofunikira paukadaulo wamakono wozindikira. Zida zamtunduwu zimagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za gasi kudzera m'mitu yodziwira, nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza masitepe monga kusefa zinyalala ndi mpweya wosokoneza, kuyanika kapena kukonza firiji, ndipo pamapeto pake kutembenuza zidziwitso za gasi kukhala ma siginecha oyezeka amagetsi. Pakali pano, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masensa gasi pamsika, kuphatikizapo semiconductor mtundu, electrochemical mtundu, catalytic kuyaka mtundu, infuraredi mpweya masensa ndi photoionization (PID) mpweya masensa, etc. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe ake ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda wamba, mafakitale ndi chilengedwe kuyezetsa.
Kukhazikika ndi kukhudzika ndizizindikiro ziwiri zazikulu zowunika momwe masensa a gasi amagwirira ntchito. Kukhazikika kumatanthawuza kulimbikira kwa kuyankha kofunikira kwa sensa nthawi yonse yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimatengera kusuntha kwa zero ndi kusuntha kwakanthawi. Moyenera, kwa masensa apamwamba kwambiri omwe amagwira ntchito mosalekeza, kusuntha kwa zero pachaka kuyenera kukhala kosakwana 10%. Sensitivity imatanthawuza chiŵerengero cha kusintha kwa zotulutsa za sensa ndi kusintha kwazomwe zimayesedwa. Kukhudzika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masensa kumasiyana kwambiri, makamaka kutengera mfundo zaukadaulo ndi kusankha kwazinthu zomwe amatengera. Kuphatikiza apo, kusankha (ie, cross-sensitivity) ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri ndizofunikanso pakuwunika momwe masensa a gasi amagwirira ntchito. Zakale zimatsimikizira luso la kuzindikira kwa sensa mu malo osakanikirana a gasi, pamene chotsatiracho chikugwirizana ndi kulekerera kwa sensa mu mpweya wothamanga kwambiri.
Kukula kwamakono kwaukadaulo wa sensa ya gasi kumapereka zochitika zingapo zoonekeratu. Choyamba, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo zatsopano ndi njira zatsopano zapitirizabe kuzama. ZnO, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, etc. zakhala zokhwima. Ochita kafukufuku akugwiritsa ntchito doping, kusintha ndi kusintha zinthu zomwe zilipo kale zowonongeka ndi gasi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira mankhwala, ndikuwongolera njira yopangira mafilimu nthawi imodzi kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika ndi kusankha kwa masensa. Pakadali pano, kupanga zinthu zatsopano monga kompositi ndi hybrid semiconductor-sensitive material gas and polymer-sensitive gas gasi nakonso kukupita patsogolo kwambiri. Zidazi zikuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu, kusankha komanso kukhazikika kwa mpweya wosiyanasiyana.
Luntha la masensa ndi gawo lina lofunikira lachitukuko. Pogwiritsa ntchito bwino matekinoloje atsopano azinthu monga nanotechnology ndi ukadaulo wafilimu woonda, masensa a gasi akukhala ophatikizika komanso anzeru. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wophatikizika wamitundu ingapo monga ukadaulo wa micro-mechanical ndi microelectronics, ukadaulo wamakompyuta, ukadaulo wopangira ma siginecha, ukadaulo wa sensa, ndi ukadaulo wozindikira zolakwika, ofufuza akupanga masensa anzeru a digito omwe amatha kuyang'anira mipweya yambiri nthawi imodzi. Katswiri wodziwa kukana mankhwala omwe angathe kukhala amtundu wosiyanasiyana wopangidwa posachedwapa ndi gulu lofufuza la Pulofesa Yi Jianxin wochokera ku State Key Laboratory of Fire Science ku yunivesite ya Science and Technology ya China ndi woimira zochitika izi. Sensa iyi imazindikira kuzindikira kwa mbali zitatu ndikuzindikiritsa zolondola zamagesi angapo ndi mawonekedwe amoto ndi chipangizo chimodzi 59.
Arrayization ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa algorithm akulandiranso chidwi. Chifukwa cha vuto lalikulu la sensa imodzi ya gasi, imakhala yosokoneza pamene mpweya wambiri umakhalapo nthawi imodzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito masensa angapo a gasi kupanga gulu lakhala njira yabwino yosinthira kuzindikira. Powonjezera miyeso ya mpweya womwe wapezeka, gulu la sensa limatha kupeza zizindikiro zambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuwunika magawo ambiri ndikuwongolera luso la kuweruza ndi kuzindikira. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa masensa omwe ali mgululi akuwonjezeka, zovuta zakusintha kwa data zimakweranso. Chifukwa chake, kukhathamiritsa kwa gulu la sensa ndikofunikira kwambiri. Pakukhathamiritsa kosiyanasiyana, njira monga coefficient coefficient ndi cluster analysis zimatengedwa kwambiri, pomwe ma aligorivimu ozindikira gasi monga Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ndi Artificial neural Network (ANN) athandizira kwambiri luso la kuzindikira kwa masensa.
Table: Kufananiza kwa Magwiridwe a Mitundu Yaikulu ya Magetsi a Gasi
Mtundu wa sensa, mfundo yogwirira ntchito, zabwino ndi zoyipa, nthawi yayitali ya moyo
Kutsatsa kwa gasi wamtundu wa semiconductor kumakhala ndi mtengo wotsika posintha kukana kwa semiconductors, kuyankha mwachangu, kusasankha bwino, ndipo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi kwa zaka 2-3.
Gasi wa electrochemical amakumana ndi REDOX kuti apange zamakono, zomwe zimakhala ndi kusankha bwino komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri. Komabe, ma electrolyte amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa komanso moyo wa zaka 1-2 (kwa electrolyte yamadzimadzi).
Kuwotcha kwamtundu wa Catalytic kumayambitsa kusintha kwa kutentha. Amapangidwa makamaka kuti azindikire gasi woyaka ndipo amangogwira ntchito pamagesi oyaka pafupifupi zaka zitatu.
Mipweya ya infrared imakhala yolondola kwambiri pakuyatsa kuwala kwa infrared kwa mafunde enaake, sikuyambitsa poizoni, koma kumakhala ndi mtengo wokwera komanso voliyumu yayikulu kwa zaka 5 mpaka 10.
Photoionization (PID) ultraviolet photoionization pozindikira mamolekyu a mpweya a VOCs ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndipo sangathe kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mankhwala kwa zaka 3 mpaka 5.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale ukadaulo wa sensor ya gasi wapita patsogolo kwambiri, ukukumanabe ndi zovuta zina. Kutalika kwa moyo wa masensa kumalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito magawo ena. Mwachitsanzo, moyo wa masensa a semiconductor ndi pafupifupi zaka 2 mpaka 3, wamagetsi a electrochemical gas sensors ndi pafupifupi zaka 1 mpaka 2 chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ma electrolyte, pomwe a solid-state electrolyte electrochemical sensors amatha kufikira zaka 5. Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta za drift (kusintha kwa kuyankha kwa sensa pakapita nthawi) komanso kusasinthika (kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa masensa omwe ali mugulu lomwelo) ndizofunikiranso zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa masensa a gasi. Poyankha pazifukwa izi, ofufuza, kumbali imodzi, akudzipereka kukonza zinthu zosagwirizana ndi gasi ndi njira zopangira, ndipo kumbali ina, akulipira kapena kupondereza chikoka cha sensa drift pazotsatira zoyezera popanga njira zapamwamba zosinthira deta.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito ma sensor a gasi
Tekinoloje ya sensor ya gasi yalowa mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu. Zochitika zake zogwiritsira ntchito zadutsa kale momwe zimakhalira zowunikira chitetezo cha mafakitale ndipo zikuchulukirachulukira m'magawo angapo monga zaumoyo, kuwunikira zachilengedwe, nyumba yanzeru, komanso chitetezo chazakudya. Mchitidwe wosiyanasiyanawu umangowonetsa kuthekera komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kukulitsa kufunikira kwa anthu kuti azindikire gasi.
Chitetezo cha mafakitale ndi kuwunika kwa gasi wowopsa
Pankhani ya chitetezo cha mafakitale, zowunikira mpweya zimagwira ntchito yosasinthika, makamaka m'mafakitale omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu monga uinjiniya wamankhwala, mafuta amafuta, ndi migodi. China "14 Zaka zisanu Plan for Safety Production of Hazardous Chemicals" ikufuna momveka bwino kuti malo osungirako mafakitale a mankhwala akhazikitse ndondomeko yowunikira komanso chenjezo loyambirira la mpweya wapoizoni ndi woopsa komanso kulimbikitsa ntchito yomanga nsanja zanzeru zowonongeka. "Industrial Internet Plus Work Safety Action Plan" imalimbikitsanso mapaki kuti agwiritse ntchito masensa a Internet of Things ndi nsanja zowunikira za AI kuti akwaniritse kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ndikuyankhira kogwirizana ku zoopsa monga kutuluka kwa gasi. Malingaliro awa alimbikitsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito masensa a gasi pankhani yachitetezo cha mafakitale.
Njira zamakono zowunikira gasi zamakampani zapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zamaluso. Ukadaulo woyerekeza wamtambo wa gasi umawonetsa kutayikira kwa mpweya powonetsa kuchuluka kwa gasi monga kusintha kwa milingo imvi ya pixel pachithunzichi. Kuzindikira kwake kumayenderana ndi zinthu monga kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa gasi wowukhira, kusiyana kwa kutentha kwakumbuyo, komanso mtunda wowunika. Ukadaulo wa Fourier wosintha mawonekedwe a infrared spectroscopy umatha kuyang'anira bwino komanso pang'onopang'ono mitundu yopitilira 500 ya mpweya kuphatikiza inorganic, organic, poizoni ndi yovulaza, ndipo nthawi imodzi imatha kusanthula mitundu 30 ya mpweya. Ndikoyenera kuwunikira zofunikira zowunikira gasi m'mapaki amakampani opanga mankhwala. Matekinoloje apamwambawa, akaphatikizidwa ndi masensa achikale a gasi, amapanga network yowunikira chitetezo cha gasi yamitundu yambiri.
Pakukhazikitsidwa kwapadera, machitidwe oyang'anira gasi a mafakitale ayenera kutsata ndondomeko za mayiko ndi mayiko. China "Design Standard for Detection and Alarm of Flammable and Toxic Gases in Petrochemical Industry" GB 50493-2019 ndi "General Technical Specification for Safety Monitoring of Major Hazard Sources of Hazardous Chemicals" AQ 3035-2010 amapereka ukadaulo wowunikira gasi wamafakitale ku United States, OSHA Health and Management of the International Health Organisation. mndandanda wa miyezo yowunikira gasi, yomwe imafuna kuti gasi adziwike musanayambe kugwira ntchito zapakati komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mpweya woipa mumlengalenga uli pansi pa mlingo wotetezeka wa 610. Miyezo ya NFPA (National Fire Protection Association of the United States), monga NFPA 72 ndi NFPA 54, imaika patsogolo zofunikira zenizeni zowunikira mpweya woyaka moto ndi mpweya woopsa wa 610.
Kuzindikira thanzi lachipatala ndi matenda
Malo azachipatala ndi azaumoyo akukhala m'modzi mwamisika yodalirika kwambiri yopangira zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Mpweya wotuluka m'thupi la munthu uli ndi ma biomarkers ambiri okhudzana ndi thanzi. Pozindikira ma biomarker awa, kuyezetsa koyambirira komanso kuwunika mosalekeza kwa matenda kumatha kuchitika. Chipangizo chodziwira m'manja cha acetone chopangidwa ndi gulu la Dr. Wang Di wochokera ku Zhejiang Laboratory's Super Perception Research Center ndi omwe amaimira pulogalamuyi. Chipangizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yaukadaulo ya colorimetric kuyeza kuchuluka kwa acetone mu mpweya wa munthu pozindikira kusintha kwa mtundu wa zinthu zomwe sizimva mpweya, motero zimazindikira mwachangu komanso mosapweteka za mtundu woyamba wa shuga.
Mulingo wa insulin m'thupi la munthu ukakhala wochepa, sungathe kusintha shuga kukhala mphamvu ndipo m'malo mwake amaphwanya mafuta. Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa pambuyo pakuwonongeka kwamafuta, acetone imatulutsidwa m'thupi mwa kupuma. Dr. Wang Di anafotokoza 1. Poyerekeza ndi zoyezetsa magazi zachikhalidwe, njira iyi yoyesera mpweya imapereka chidziwitso chabwino cha matenda ndi chithandizo. Kuphatikiza apo, gululi likupanga "kutulutsa kwatsiku ndi tsiku" patch acetone sensor. Chipangizo chotsika mtengochi chimatha kuyeza mpweya wa acetone wotuluka pakhungu nthawi yonseyi. M'tsogolomu, ikaphatikizidwa ndi ukadaulo wanzeru wopangira, imatha kuthandizira kuzindikira, kuyang'anira ndi kuwongolera mankhwala a shuga.
Kupatulapo matenda a shuga, masensa a gasi amasonyezanso kuthekera kwakukulu pakuwongolera matenda osatha komanso kuyang'anira matenda opuma. Mphepete mwa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi maziko ofunikira poweruza momwe odwala amapuma m'mapapo, pamene mipiringidzo ya zolembera za mpweya wina imasonyeza kukula kwa matenda aakulu. Mwachizoloŵezi, kutanthauzira kwa detayi kunkafuna kutengapo mbali kwa ogwira ntchito zachipatala. Komabe, ndi mphamvu yaukadaulo wanzeru zopangira, masensa anzeru a gasi sangangozindikira mpweya ndikujambula ma curve, komanso kudziwa kukula kwa matenda, kuchepetsa kwambiri kupanikizika kwa ogwira ntchito zachipatala.
Pankhani ya zida zovala zathanzi, kugwiritsa ntchito masensa a gasi kudakali koyambirira, koma chiyembekezo chake ndi chachikulu. Ofufuza ochokera ku Zhuhai Gree Electric Appliances adanena kuti ngakhale zida zapakhomo ndizosiyana ndi zida zachipatala zomwe zimakhala ndi matenda a matenda, poyang'anira zaumoyo wapanyumba tsiku ndi tsiku, magulu amagetsi a gasi ali ndi zabwino monga mtengo wotsika, osawononga komanso miniaturization, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziziwoneka bwino m'zida zam'nyumba monga zida zosamalira pakamwa komanso kuwunika kothandizira pa nthawi yoyenera. Pakuchulukirachulukira kwaumoyo wapakhomo, kuyang'anira thanzi la anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapakhomo kudzakhala chitsogozo chofunikira pakukula kwa nyumba zanzeru.
Kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndi kupewa ndi kuwononga chilengedwe
Kuyang'anira chilengedwe ndi imodzi mwamagawo omwe masensa a gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pomwe kulimbikitsa kwapadziko lonse pachitetezo cha chilengedwe kukukulirakulirabe, kufunikira kowunika zinthu zosiyanasiyana zowononga mumlengalenga kukukulirakuliranso tsiku ndi tsiku. Masensa a mpweya amatha kuzindikira mpweya woipa monga carbon monoxide, sulfure dioxide ndi ozoni, zomwe zimapereka chida chothandizira kuyang'anira mpweya wabwino wa chilengedwe.
UGT-E4 electrochemical gas sensor ya British Gas Shield Company ndi choyimira pagawo lowunika zachilengedwe. Imatha kuyeza molondola zomwe zili mumlengalenga ndikupereka chithandizo chanthawi yake komanso cholondola cha data kumadipatimenti oteteza zachilengedwe. Sensa iyi, kupyolera mu kusakanikirana ndi zamakono zamakono zamakono, zapeza ntchito monga kuyang'anira kutali, kuyika deta, ndi alamu yanzeru, kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri kuyendetsa bwino ndi kuphweka kwa gasi. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyang'anira kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa gasi nthawi iliyonse komanso kulikonse kudzera m'ma foni awo am'manja kapena makompyuta, zomwe zimapereka maziko asayansi pakuwongolera zachilengedwe ndi kupanga mfundo.
Pankhani yowunika momwe mpweya wamkati umayendera, masensa a gasi amakhalanso ndi gawo lofunikira. Muyezo wa EN 45544 woperekedwa ndi European Committee for Standardization (EN) umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyesa khalidwe la mpweya wa m'nyumba ndipo umaphatikizapo zofunikira zoyesera za mpweya woipa wosiyanasiyana 610. Ma sensor a carbon dioxide, formaldehyde sensors, etc. pamsika amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nyumba za anthu, nyumba zamalonda ndi malo osangalatsa a anthu, kuthandiza anthu kupanga malo abwino komanso omasuka m'nyumba. Makamaka panthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, mpweya wabwino wamkati ndi mpweya wabwino walandira chidwi chomwe chisanachitikepo, kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje okhudzana ndi sensa.
Kuwunika kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni ndi njira yomwe ikubwera yogwiritsira ntchito masensa a gasi. Potengera kulowerera ndale kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuwunika bwino kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha monga mpweya woipa kwakhala kofunika kwambiri. Ma sensor a infrared carbon dioxide ali ndi mwayi wapadera pamundawu chifukwa cha kulondola kwambiri, kusankha bwino komanso moyo wautali wautumiki. "Malangizo Opangira Ma Platform of Intelligent Safety Risk Control Platforms ku Chemical Industrial Parks" ku China adalemba kuwunika kwa gasi woyaka / wapoizoni komanso kuwunikira komwe kumachokera ngati zomwe zidachitika pomanga, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutsindika kwa mfundo za ntchito yowunikira gasi pantchito yoteteza chilengedwe.
Smart Home ndi Food Safety
Smart Home ndiye msika wodalirika kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito ogula pama sensor a gasi. Pakalipano, masensa a gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazida zapakhomo monga zoyeretsera mpweya ndi mpweya wabwino. Komabe, poyambitsa ma sensor arrays ndi ma algorithms anzeru, kuthekera kwawo kogwiritsa ntchito pazinthu monga kusungirako, kuphika, ndi kuwunika zaumoyo kumakambidwa pang'onopang'ono.
Pankhani ya kusunga chakudya, masensa gasi amatha kuyang'anitsitsa fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi chakudya panthawi yosungiramo kuti mudziwe kutsitsimuka kwa chakudyacho. Zotsatira za kafukufuku waposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti ngati sensa imodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa fungo kapena gulu la sensa ya gasi limodzi ndi njira zozindikiritsa mawonekedwe amatengedwa kuti adziwe kutsitsimuka kwa chakudya, zotsatira zabwino zapezeka. Komabe, chifukwa chazovuta za zochitika zenizeni zogwiritsira ntchito firiji (monga kusokonezedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kutsegula ndi kutseka zitseko, kuyambitsa ndi kuyimitsa ma compressor, komanso kufalikira kwa mpweya wamkati, ndi zina zotero), komanso kukhudzidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipweya yosasunthika kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira chakudya, pali malo oti apititse patsogolo kulondola kwa kutsimikiza kwatsopano kwa chakudya.
Kuphika ntchito ndi chinthu china chofunikira cha masensa a gasi. Pali mazana amitundu yamafuta opangidwa panthawi yophika, kuphatikiza zinthu zina, alkanes, mankhwala onunkhira, aldehydes, ketoni, mowa, alkenes ndi zinthu zina zosakhazikika. M'malo ovuta chotere, magulu a sensa ya gasi amasonyeza ubwino woonekeratu kuposa masensa amodzi. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti magulu a sensa ya gasi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa momwe chakudya chimaphikira potengera zomwe amakonda, kapena ngati chida chothandizira chowunikira kuti afotokozere zomwe amakonda kuphika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, zinthu zachilengedwe zophikira monga kutentha kwakukulu, utsi wophikira ndi nthunzi wamadzi zimatha kuyambitsa sensor "poizoni", yomwe ndivuto laukadaulo lomwe liyenera kuthetsedwa.
Pankhani ya chitetezo cha chakudya, kafukufuku wa gulu la Wang Di wawonetsa kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito masensa a gasi. Amayang'ana cholinga cha "kuzindikira mpweya wambiri nthawi imodzi ndi pulagi yaing'ono ya foni yam'manja", ndipo akudzipereka kuti chidziwitso cha chitetezo cha chakudya chipezeke mosavuta. Chida chophatikizika kwambiri chonunkhiritsa ichi chimatha kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimasokonekera muzakudya, kudziwa kutsitsimuka ndi chitetezo chazakudya, ndikupereka maumboni anthawi yeniyeni kwa ogula.
Table: Zinthu Zodziwikiratu Zazikulu ndi mawonekedwe aukadaulo a masensa a gasi m'magawo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito
Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito, zinthu zazikulu zodziwikiratu, mitundu ya sensa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, zovuta zaukadaulo, njira zachitukuko
Gasi woyaka chitetezo cham'mafakitale, mtundu wapoizoni woyaka moto, mtundu wa electrochemical, kulolerana movutikira kwachilengedwe, kuwunika kofananira ndi gasi wambiri, kutsatiridwa kwa gwero.
Medical and health acetone, CO₂, VOCs semiconductor mtundu, colorimetric mtundu kusankha ndi sensitivity, kuvala ndi wanzeru kuzindikira
Kutumiza kwa gridi yokhazikika kwanthawi yayitali komanso kutumiza kwanthawi yeniyeni pakuwunika zachilengedwe zakuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mumitundu ya infrared ndi electrochemical.
Chakudya cham'nyumba chanzeru, gasi wophikira utsi wa semiconductor, kuthekera kolimbana ndi kusokoneza kwa PID
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Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-11-2025