Saudi Arabia, dziko lomwe limapanga mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi komanso chuma chomwe chikusintha mwachangu pansi pa "Vision 2030", likugogomezera kwambiri chitetezo, magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe m'magawo ake amakampani. Pachifukwa ichi, masensa a gasi amagwira ntchito ngati ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika chilengedwe, kutsimikizira chitetezo, komanso kuwongolera njira. Chikalatachi chimapereka kusanthula kwakuya kwa milandu yogwiritsira ntchito ndi zochitika zinazake za masensa a gasi m'mafakitale ofunikira ku Saudi Arabia.
I. Zoyendetsera Zofunikira pa Kugwiritsa Ntchito
- Chitetezo Choyamba: Makampani akuluakulu a mafuta, gasi, ndi mankhwala a petrochemical ku Saudi Arabia amasamalira mpweya wambiri woyaka, wophulika, komanso wapoizoni. Kutuluka kwa mpweya ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa moto, kuphulika, komanso poizoni kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuwunika mpweya molondola komanso nthawi yeniyeni ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopewera masoka.
- Kutsatira Malamulo Okhudza Zachilengedwe: Popeza dziko lonse lapansi likuyang'ana kwambiri pa kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe, Unduna wa Zachilengedwe, Madzi ndi Ulimi ku Saudi Arabia (MEWA) wakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa mpweya. Zoseweretsa mpweya ndi zida zofunika kwambiri poyang'anira mpweya wowononga chilengedwe (monga, CH₄), zoipitsa mpweya (monga, SO₂, NOx), ndi Zosakaniza Zachilengedwe Zosakhazikika (VOCs) kuti zitsimikizire kuti malamulo akutsatira.
- Kukonza Njira ndi Kuteteza Katundu: Mu ntchito zamafakitale, kuchuluka kwa mpweya winawake kumakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi ubwino wa zinthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wowononga monga Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) ukhoza kuwononga kwambiri mapaipi ndi zida. Kuyang'anira mpweya uwu kumawonjezera kupanga, kukulitsa nthawi ya moyo wa katundu, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zosamalira.
- Umoyo Wantchito: M'malo otsekeredwa (monga zida zobowolera, matanki osungiramo zinthu, malo osungira madzi otayira), kusowa kwa mpweya kapena kuchulukana kwa mpweya woipa kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu kwa ogwira ntchito. Masensa onyamula komanso okhazikika a mpweya amapereka chenjezo lofunikira kwambiri msanga.
II. Zochitika Zofunika Kwambiri Zogwiritsira Ntchito Mafakitale & Maphunziro a Nkhani
1. Makampani a Mafuta ndi Gasi
Iyi ndi gawo lalikulu komanso lovuta kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito masensa a gasi ku Saudi Arabia.
- Kufufuza ndi Kupanga Kumtunda:
- Chitsanzo: Makina obowolera, malo osonkhanitsira zitsime, malo osonkhanitsira zinthu.
- Mipweya Yoyang'aniridwa: Mipweya yoyaka (LEL - Lower Explosive Limit), Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Oxygen (O₂).
- Phunziro la Nkhani: Ku Ghawar ku Eastern Province, zida zambiri zodziwira mpweya wokhazikika zimayikidwa pa malo olumikizirana mafuta ndi mapaipi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale netiweki yowunikira yolimba. Ngati kutuluka kwa methane (CH₄) kwapezeka pamwamba pa malire okhazikika (nthawi zambiri 20-25% LEL), makinawo nthawi yomweyo amayambitsa ma alarm omveka komanso owoneka bwino, amayatsa makina a Emergency Shutdown (ESD) kuti athetse kutuluka kwa mpweya, ndikutumiza deta ku chipinda chowongolera chapakati kuti chiyankhe mwadzidzidzi. Kuyang'anira H₂S yoopsa kwambiri kumafuna kulondola kwambiri (nthawi zambiri pamlingo wa ppm) kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito.
- Kukonza Pakati ndi Pansi pa Mtsinje:
- Chitsanzo: Malo oyeretsera zinthu, mafakitale a petrochemical, mapaipi, malo osungiramo zinthu.
- Mpweya Woyang'aniridwa: Kuwonjezera pa zomwe zili pamwambapa, Ma Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (monga, Benzene, Toluene), Ammonia (NH₃), ndi Chlorine (Cl₂) amawunikidwa.
- Phunziro la Nkhani: M'malo akuluakulu opangira mafuta ku Jubail kapena Yanbu, makina owunikira mpweya okhala ndi magawo ambiri amayikidwa mozungulira ma catalytic cracking ndi ma hydrotreating units. Mwachitsanzo, m'mafamu a matanki, masensa a Open-Path Infrared (IR) amapanga "mpanda wamagetsi" wosawoneka kuti azindikire kutulutsa mpweya kwa VOC komwe kufalikira, kuletsa mlengalenga wophulika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chikutsatira malamulo. Pamalo ozungulira fakitale, owunikira a SO₂ amapereka deta yotulutsa mpweya mosalekeza kuti atsimikizire kutsatira malamulo a MEWA.
2. Zipangizo Zamagetsi ndi Kupanga Mphamvu
- Chitsanzo: Malo opangira magetsi (makamaka malo opangira magetsi a gasi), malo osungiramo zinthu, malo oyeretsera madzi akuda.
- Mipweya Yoyang'aniridwa: Mipweya yoyaka (CH₄), Hydrogen (H₂) (yoziziritsira jenereta), Ozone (O₃), Chlorine (Cl₂) (yochizira madzi), Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) (yopangidwa m'madzi otayira madzi ndi njira zochizira).
- Phunziro la Nkhani: Pa siteshoni yayikulu yamagetsi ku Riyadh, masensa oyezera mpweya kapena ma IR amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira kutuluka kwa methane m'maholo a turbine ndi malo owongolera gasi wachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, m'matanthwe a chingwe ndi pansi pa nyumba, zowunikira zokhazikika zimaletsa kuphulika kwa mpweya woyaka womwe umapangidwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri kwa zida zamagetsi. Pafakitale yamadzi otayira yapafupi, ogwira ntchito ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zowunikira zonyamula mpweya zambiri kuti ayang'ane kuchuluka kotetezeka kwa O₂, LEL, H₂S, ndi CO asanalowe m'malo otsekedwa monga matanki osungira madzi, kutsatira njira zolowera.
3. Zomangamanga ndi Zomangamanga za M'mizinda
- Chitsanzo: Magalaji oimika magalimoto, ngalande, malo ogulitsira zinthu, malo ochitira zipatala.
- Mpweya Woyang'aniridwa: Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (makamaka kuchokera ku utsi wa galimoto).
- Phunziro la Nkhani: M'malo akuluakulu oimika magalimoto pansi pa nthaka ku Riyadh kapena Jeddah, makina opumira mpweya nthawi zambiri amakhala olumikizidwa ndi masensa a CO. Pamene kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakwera kufika pamlingo wokhazikika (monga 50 ppm), masensawa amayatsa mafani otulutsa mpweya kuti abweretse mpweya wabwino mpaka mpweya wabwino utabwezeretsedwa, kuteteza thanzi la makasitomala ndi antchito.
4. Migodi ndi Zachitsulo
- Chitsanzo: Migodi ya phosphate, migodi ya golide, zosungunula.
- Mipweya Yoyang'aniridwa: Kupatula mipweya yodziwika bwino ya poizoni ndi yoyaka, mipweya yeniyeni monga Phosphine (PH₃) ndi Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) imafunika kuyang'aniridwa.
- Phunziro la Nkhani: Ku mzinda wa mafakitale wa Wa'ad Al-Shamal phosphate, njira yopangira feteleza imatha kupanga PH₃. Masensa apadera a PH₃ amagetsi kapena a semiconductor omwe amayikidwa m'malo opangira zinthu ndi malo osungiramo zinthu amapereka kuzindikira koyambirira kwa kutayikira kwa madzi, kuteteza kufalikira kwa ogwira ntchito.
III. Zochitika Zaukadaulo ndi Chiyembekezo Chamtsogolo
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira gasi ku Saudi Arabia kukusintha kukhala nzeru ndi mgwirizano wabwino:
- IoT & Digitalization: Masensa akusintha kuchoka pa ma alarm unit odziyimira pawokha kupita ku ma data node olumikizidwa ndi netiweki. Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopanda zingwe monga LoRaWAN ndi 4G/5G, deta imatumizidwa nthawi yeniyeni ku nsanja zamtambo kuti iwunikire kutali, kusanthula deta yayikulu, komanso kukonza zinthu molosera.
- Kuyang'anira UAV ndi Robotic: M'malo akuluakulu kapena oopsa (monga mapaipi akutali, malo ataliatali), ma drone okhala ndi masensa monga laser methane detector amachita kafukufuku wothandiza komanso wotetezeka, mwachangu kuzindikira malo otayikira.
- Ukadaulo Wapamwamba Wozindikira: Ukadaulo wolondola kwambiri komanso wosankha bwino monga Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) ndi Photoionization Detectors (PID for VOCs) ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti ukwaniritse miyezo yokhwima ya chilengedwe ndi chitetezo.
- Kuphatikiza kwa AI: Ma algorithms a AI amatha kusanthula mawonekedwe a deta ya masensa kuti asiyanitse zoopsa zenizeni ndi ma alamu abodza (monga ma alamu omwe amayamba chifukwa cha utsi wa dizilo) ndikulosera kulephera kwa zida kapena zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutayikira kwa madzi.
Mapeto
Pansi pa "Vision 2030" ya Saudi Arabia, yomwe imalimbikitsa kusiyanasiyana kwa zachuma ndi kusintha kwa mafakitale, masensa a gasi akhala ofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha mafakitale ake akuluakulu komanso kukwaniritsa chitukuko chobiriwira komanso chokhazikika. Kuyambira m'minda yayikulu yamafuta mpaka mizinda yamakono, alonda osaonekawa amagwira ntchito maola 24 pa tsiku, kuteteza antchito, kuteteza chilengedwe, komanso kukonza bwino ntchito. Amapanga maziko ofunikira kwambiri a tsogolo la mafakitale aku Saudi Arabia, ndipo ntchito zawo mosakayikira zipitiliza kukula mozama komanso m'lifupi pamene ukadaulo ukusintha.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-17-2025