India's App of Integrated Monitoring System Chenjezo Loyambirira la Chigumula - Nkhani ya Himachal Pradesh

Ndemanga

India ndi dziko lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhudzidwa ndi kusefukira kwamadzi, makamaka kumadera a Himalaya kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa. Njira zachikhalidwe zoyendetsera masoka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayang'ana pakuyankha pakachitika ngozi, zadzetsa kuvulala kwakukulu komanso kutayika kwachuma. M'zaka zaposachedwa, boma la India lalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zamakono zothetsera chenjezo la kusefukira kwamadzi. Phunziroli, lomwe likuyang'ana kwambiri pa Himachal Pradesh lomwe linakhudzidwa kwambiri, limafotokoza za momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito, zogwira mtima, ndi zovuta za Flash Flood Warning System (FFWS) yophatikizika, yomwe imaphatikizapo ma radar othamanga mamita, mvula yowonongeka, ndi masensa osamutsidwa.

1. Mbiri ya Ntchito ndi Zofunikira

Zithunzi za Himachal Pradesh zimadziwika ndi mapiri otsetsereka ndi zigwa zakuya, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitsinje yambiri. M'nyengo yamvula (June-September), imakhala yovuta kwambiri kwa nthawi yochepa, mvula yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe imayambitsa mvula yam'mwera chakumadzulo, zomwe zimayambitsa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka. Tsoka la Kedarnath la 2013 ku Uttarakhand, lomwe linapha anthu masauzande ambiri, lidakhala ngati kudzuka koopsa. Maukonde oyezera mvula anali ochepa ndipo kutumiza kwa data kunali kocheperako, zomwe sizinathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira zowunikira molondola komanso chenjezo lachangu la mvula yamkuntho yomwe ikubwera mwadzidzidzi.

Zofunika Kwambiri:

1. Kuyang'anira Nthawi Yeniyeni: Kusonkhanitsa deta kwa mphindi zochepa za kuchuluka kwa mvula ndi madzi a mitsinje kumadera akutali, osafikirika.
2. Kuneneratu Kolondola: Khazikitsani zitsanzo zodalirika za kugwa kwa mvula kuti mulosere nthawi yofika komanso kukula kwa nsonga za kusefukira kwa madzi.
3. Kuyang'ana Zowopsa za Geological Hazard: Kuunikira kuopsa kwa kusakhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha mvula yambiri.
4. Chenjezo Laliwiro: Perekani zidziwitso zochenjeza kwa maboma am'deralo ndi madera kuti mugule nthawi yofunikira kuti musamuke.

2. System Components ndi Technology Application

Pofuna kuthana ndi zosowazi, Himachal Pradesh adagwirizana ndi Central Water Commission (CWC) ndi India Meteorological Department (IMD) kuti atumize FFWS yapamwamba m'madzi ake omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu (mwachitsanzo, Sutlej, Beas besens).

1. Makina oyezera mvula (ARGs)

• Ntchito: Monga magawo akutsogolo komanso ofunika kwambiri ozindikira, ma ARG ali ndi udindo wosonkhanitsa deta yofunika kwambiri: kuchuluka kwa mvula ndi kuchuluka kwa mvula. Ichi ndiye chiwongolero chachindunji chomwe chimayambitsa mapangidwe a kusefukira kwamadzi.
• Mawonekedwe Aukadaulo: Pogwiritsa ntchito ndowa yowongolera, amapanga chizindikiro cha mvula iliyonse ya 0.5mm kapena 1mm, kutumiza deta munthawi yeniyeni kupita kumalo owongolera kudzera pa GSM/GPRS kapena satellite communication. Amayikidwa mwadongosolo kumtunda, pakati, ndi kumunsi kwa madera amadzi kuti apange makina owonetsetsa kwambiri, kutenga kusiyana kwa malo kwa mvula.
• Ntchito: Perekani zidziwitso zowerengera zamachitsanzo. Pamene ARG iwona kuti mvula ikugwa kuchulukirachulukira (mwachitsanzo, 20 mm pa ola), makinawo amangoyambitsa chenjezo loyambirira.

2. Mayendedwe a Radar/Level Meters (Zomverera za Mulingo wa Madzi a Radar)

• Ntchito: Zoyika pa milatho kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amayesa mtunda wopita kumtsinje popanda kukhudzana, potero amawerengera mlingo wa madzi enieni. Amapereka chenjezo lachindunji pamene madzi achuluka kwambiri kuposa zizindikiro zowopsa.
• Zaukadaulo:
  • Ubwino: Mosiyana ndi masensa amtundu wanthawi zonse, masensa a radar sakhudzidwa ndi zinyalala ndi zinyalala zomwe zimatengedwa ndi madzi osefukira, zomwe zimafuna kusamalidwa pang'ono komanso kudalirika kwambiri.
  • Kugwiritsa Ntchito Deta: Deta yanthawi yeniyeni yamadzi, yophatikizidwa ndi mvula yam'mwamba, imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ndi kutsimikizira zitsanzo za hydrological. Pofufuza momwe madzi akukwera, dongosololi lingathe kuneneratu molondola za kusefukira kwa madzi ndi nthawi yake yofika kumadera akumunsi.
• Ntchito: Perekani umboni wotsimikizira kuti kusefukira kwa madzi kukuchitika. Ndiwofunikira pakutsimikizira zolosera za mvula ndikuyambitsa mayankho adzidzidzi.

3. Ma Sensor osuntha / Crack (Crack Meters & Inclinometers)

• Ntchito: Yang'anirani malo otsetsereka omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kusefukira kwa nthaka kapena zinyalala zomwe zimayenda kuti zisamuke komanso kupunduka. Amayikidwa pa matupi odziwika bwino kapena otsetsereka owopsa.
• Zaukadaulo: Masensa awa amayezera kukula kwa ming'alu yapamtunda (mamita ong'aluka) kapena kusuntha kwa nthaka yapansi panthaka (ma inclinometers). Pamene chiwerengero cha kusamuka chikudutsa malire otetezeka, chimasonyeza kutsika kofulumira kwa kutsetsereka kotsetsereka komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kwa slide yaikulu pansi pa mvula yosalekeza.
• Ntchito: Perekani kuunika kodziyimira pawokha kwa ngozi yazachilengedwe. Ngakhale mvula ikapanda kugwa chenjezo la kusefukira kwa madzi, kachipangizo kamene kamachititsa kuti anthu asamuke azipereka chenjezo la kusefukira kwa nthaka/zinyalala kudera linalake, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakuchenjeza za kusefukira kwa madzi.

Kuphatikiza kwa System & Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito:
Zambiri kuchokera ku ma ARGs, masensa a radar, ndi masensa osuntha amakumana papulatifomu yapakati yochenjeza. Mitundu yomangidwa mu hydrological and geological hazard imachita kusanthula kophatikiza:

1. Deta ya mvula imalowetsedwa m'mitundu yolosera kuchuluka kwa madzi osefukira ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi.
2. Deta ya mulingo wamadzi wa radar wanthawi yeniyeni imayerekezedwa motsutsana ndi zolosera kuti ikonze mosalekeza ndikuwongolera kulondola kwamitundu.
3. Deta yakusamuka imakhala ngati chizindikiro chofananira popanga zisankho.
   Kuphatikizika kulikonse kwa data kukapitilira kukhazikitsidwa kwamitundu ingapo (Advisory, Watch, Chenjezo), dongosololi limangofalitsa zidziwitso kwa akuluakulu am'deralo, magulu oyankha mwadzidzidzi, ndi atsogoleri ammudzi kudzera pa SMS, mapulogalamu am'manja, ndi ma siren.

3. Zotsatira ndi Zotsatira

• Kuwonjezeka kwa Nthawi Yotsogolera: Dongosololi lachulukitsa nthawi zochenjeza kuyambira pafupifupi ziro kufika pa maola 1-3, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuthawitsa midzi yomwe ili pachiwopsezo kutheke.
• Kuchepetsa Kutaya Moyo: M'zaka zingapo zamvula yamkuntho m'zaka zaposachedwa, Himachal Pradesh wachita bwino kuthamangitsa anthu angapo asanatuluke, ndikuletsa kuvulala kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu mvula yamkuntho ya 2022, chigawo cha Mandi chinasamutsa anthu oposa 2,000 potengera machenjezo; palibe miyoyo yomwe inatayika pa kusefukira kwamadzi komwe kunatsatira.
• Kupanga Zisankho Zoyendetsedwa ndi Deta: Inasintha malingaliro kuchoka ku kudalira kuweruza mwazokumana nazo kupita ku kasamalidwe ka masoka asayansi ndi cholinga.
• Kudziwitsa Anthu Kuwonjezeka: Kukhalapo kwa dongosololi komanso machenjezo opambana akulitsa kuzindikira kwa anthu komanso kukhulupirira zidziwitso zochenjeza.

4. Zovuta ndi Njira Zamtsogolo

• Kusamalira ndi Mtengo: Zomverera zomwe zimatumizidwa m'malo ovuta zimafunikira kukonzedwa pafupipafupi kuti zitsimikizire kupitilira kwa data ndi kulondola, zomwe zikubweretsa vuto losatha pazachuma ndi luso laderalo.
• Kulankhulana kwa “Last Mile”: Kuonetsetsa kuti mauthenga ochenjeza afika kwa munthu aliyense m’mudzi uliwonse wakutali, makamaka okalamba ndi ana, kumafuna kuwongolera kwina (monga kudalira wailesi, mabelu ammudzi, kapena mabelu ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera).
• Kukhathamiritsa Kwachitsanzo: Maonekedwe ovuta ku India amafunikira kusonkhanitsa deta mosalekeza kuti apezeke ndikukwaniritsa zolosera kuti zikhale zolondola.
• Mphamvu ndi Kulumikizana: Kukhazikika kwamagetsi ndi kufalikira kwa ma netiweki am'manja kumadera akutali kumakhalabe kovuta. Masiteshoni ena amadalira mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi kuyankhulana kwa satellite, zomwe zimakhala zokwera mtengo.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: India ikukonzekera kuphatikiza matekinoloje ochulukirapo, monga radar yanyengo kuti iwonetsere mvula yolondola, pogwiritsa ntchito Artificial Intelligence (AI) ndi Machine Learning kusanthula mbiri yakale ya ma aligorivimu ochenjeza, ndikukulitsa kufalikira kwa dongosololi kumadera ena omwe amakonda kusefukira.

Mapeto

Dongosolo lochenjeza za kusefukira kwamadzi ku Himachal Pradesh, India, ndi chitsanzo cha mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono lolimbana ndi masoka achilengedwe. Mwa kuphatikiza ma geji a mvula, ma radar flow mita, ndi masensa osamutsidwa, dongosololi limapanga maukonde owunikira amitundu yambiri kuchokera ku "thambo kupita pansi," zomwe zimathandizira kuti paradigm isinthe kuchoka pakuyankhidwa kosasunthika kupita ku chenjezo lokhazikika la kusefukira kwamadzi ndi zoopsa zawo zachiwiri. Ngakhale zovuta, mtengo wotsimikiziridwa wa dongosololi poteteza miyoyo ndi katundu umapereka chitsanzo chopambana, chofanana ndi zigawo zofanana padziko lonse lapansi.

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