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Kuyenda ndi kuyeza kwa matope a Project Three Gorges

Ndemanga
Vuto lakuyenda ndi dothi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza ntchito yotumizira komanso moyo wa Three Gorges Project (TGP). Njira zambiri zagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zakuyenda ndi mavuto a matope a TGP panthawi yowonetsera, kukonzekera, kupanga, kumanga ndi kugwira ntchito, ndipo zotsatira zambiri zofunika zapezeka. Kuti timvetsetse momwe kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka nthaka ndi kuyeza kwa zinyalala m'mapulojekiti oyimira dziko la China komanso momwe angayang'anire zinyalala m'madamu akuluakulu, kuyeza ndi kuyeza kwa matope kwa TGP kumayambitsidwa makamaka mu pepalali. Zimaphatikizapo momwe TGP imakhalira, kugawidwa kwa hydrological station network, zinthu zoyezera, teknoloji yatsopano yoyezera, ndi kusintha kwa matope m'madzi osungiramo madzi ndi pansi pamtsinje pambuyo pa kutsekedwa kwa TGP. Zotsatira za kuyeza kwa zinyalala zikuwonetsa kuti vuto la matope ndilabwino, ndipo zovuta za dothi zitha kuwunjikana, kukula, ndikusintha pakapita nthawi, kotero ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosalekeza.

1 MAU OYAMBA
The Three Gorges Project (TGP) ndi pulojekiti yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yosunga madzi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi. Damu ili ku Sandouping, mzinda wa Yichang, m'chigawo cha Hubei, womwe ndi mzere wogawanitsa pakati pa mtsinje wapakati ndi kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Imayang'anira malo operekera madzi okwana 1 miliyoni km2, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi osefukira pachaka kumafika 451,000 miliyoni m3. Pokhala ndi mphamvu yosungira madzi osefukira a 22.15 biliyoni ma cubic metres, ntchitoyi ikugwira ntchito yaikulu pakuwongolera kusefukira kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Pokhala ndi mulingo wabwinobwino wa 175 m, mphamvu yosungiramo mosungiramo ndi 39,300 ndi 22,150 miliyoni m3 yake ndikutha kuwongolera kusefukira kwamadzi. Kukula kwa TGP kumayang'ana kwambiri kupewa kusefukira kwa madzi, kupanga magetsi, komanso mapindu amayendedwe amadzi. Zidzawongoleranso chilengedwe. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ubwino wokwanira wokhudzana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, kuyenda panyanja, kupanga magetsi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi.

Monga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kusefukira kwapakati ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze, TGP imawongolera 96% ya mtsinje wa Jingjiang, mtsinje wowopsa kwambiri pakasefukira, komanso magawo awiri mwa atatu a madzi olowera ku Wuhan. TGP imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pochepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi komanso kuchepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Pofika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, damulo linali litatsekereza madzi okwana ma cubic metres 180 biliyoni m’nyengo ya kusefukira kwa madzi. Mchaka cha 2010, 2012, madzi osefukira anasefukira ndi pafupifupi 40 peresenti, zomwe zinachititsa kuti madzi asasefukire kwambiri m'madera akumunsi kwa mtsinje. M’nyengo yamvula, madzi otuluka amakwezedwa kupitirira ma kiyubiki metres 5500 pa sekondi imodzi, kupereka madzi opitirira makyubiki mita 20 biliyoni pachaka kumadera apakati ndi otsika a mtsinje wa Yangtze.

Kuwunika kwa prototype kumachitidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kafukufuku wa matope, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa TGP munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Miyezo ya prototype idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula kusiyanasiyana kwa madzi othamanga ndi kuchuluka kwa dothi munjira yayikulu ya mtsinje wa Yangtze, komanso kusintha ndi kusinthika kwa mtsinjewo. Kugawidwa kwa malo kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1. Zotsatira zomwe zikuwonetsedweratu zikugwirizana ndi gawo la kafukufuku wotheka (Lu & Huang, 2013), koma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinyalala zamtunda ndi kumanga malo osungiramo madzi pamtsinje wa Jinsha pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1990, kusungunuka kwa ma Gorges atatu (TGR) kumakhala kokulirapo kwambiri kuposa kale. mphamvu ndi mtunda wa kukokoloka kwa mitsinje kunsi kwa mtsinje wa TGP.

2 HYDROLOGIC NETWORK DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zoyambira ndikupereka ntchito zomanga uinjiniya wa beseni, Changjiang Water Resources Commission yakhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono masiteshoni ambiri a hydrological m'mphepete mwa mtsinje waukulu ndi mtsinje wa Yangtze kuyambira m'ma 1950. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1990, makina athunthu a hydrological station network ndi sediment monitoring network anali atapangidwa. Mulinso ma 118 hydrological station ndi masiteshoni opitilira 350. Kuonjezera apo, ntchito yaikulu yofufuza mitsinje ndi kusanthula matope yatsirizidwa. Deta ya hydrological and sediment observation yazaka makumi angapo zapitazi kwa mibadwo ingapo idapereka maziko asayansi powonetsera, kupanga, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa TGP.

Kuwonetsetsa kwachitsanzo kumachitidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kafukufuku wa matope, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa TGR mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Malo osungira madziwo atayamba kusungidwa mu 2003, vuto la matope lidawonekera kumtunda ndi kumunsi, ndipo kuwunika kwachitsanzo komanso kafukufuku wofananira wa dothi adachitidwa kuti agwire ntchito ya TGP mwachindunji. Cholinga chowunikira chimaphatikizapo zinthu izi: Kudziwa mbiri yakale ya momwe mayendedwe achilengedwe asanatengedwe; Kufotokozera za chigamulo cha pulani ya instalment impounding; kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ya kusinthasintha kwa kukokoloka ndi kuika pamtunda pamwamba ndi pansi pambuyo potsekera, ndikupeza mavuto, kuti athetse nthawi; kutsimikizira ukadaulo woyeserera womwe watengedwa, ndikuwonjezera kukhulupirika kwa kulosera kwa dothi la TGP.

Mitundu yowonera ma hydrological sediment prototype imaphatikizapo malo osungira, malo amadamu, ndi malo otsika. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1949, kutengera muyeso wa nthawi yayitali wa dothi, kuyang'ana kwa njira, ndi kufufuza ndi kufufuza, zambiri zowunikira ndi kufufuza zotsatira zafukufuku zakhala zikusonkhanitsidwa, motero zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zakukonzekera, kupanga ndi kufufuza kwa sayansi mu gawo lotanthauzira. Ntchito yomangayo ndi yanthawi yochepa kuti ikwaniritse prophase, ndipo nthawi yonse yomanga ndi 17a, kotero ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mosalekeza kusinthasintha kwa madzi, matope, ndi malire. Izi sizimangopereka kudalira kwa mapangidwe, kafukufuku wa sayansi, zomangamanga, ndi ntchito, komanso kutsimikizira ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa mapangidwe ndi malamulo.

Zomwe zimawunikira makamaka hydrology, sediment, ndi ma channel terrain. Kafukufuku wa mayendedwe a tchanelo makamaka amafuna kudziwa kusinthika kwa tchanelo mu zosaphika, kuyika kwa dothi pamalo osungira, kukokoloka kunsi kwa mtsinje, ndi kusinthika kwa makiyi pambuyo pakutsekeredwa kwa TGP.

2 HYDROLOGIC NETWORK DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zoyambira ndikupereka ntchito zomanga uinjiniya wa beseni, Changjiang Water Resources Commission yakhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono masiteshoni ambiri a hydrological m'mphepete mwa mtsinje waukulu ndi mtsinje wa Yangtze kuyambira m'ma 1950. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1990, makina athunthu a hydrological station network ndi sediment monitoring network anali atapangidwa. Mulinso ma 118 hydrological station ndi masiteshoni opitilira 350. Kuonjezera apo, ntchito yaikulu yofufuza mitsinje ndi kusanthula matope yatsirizidwa. Deta ya hydrological and sediment observation yazaka makumi angapo zapitazi kwa mibadwo ingapo idapereka maziko asayansi powonetsera, kupanga, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa TGP.

Kuwonetsetsa kwachitsanzo kumachitidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito kafukufuku wa matope, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa TGR mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Malo osungira madziwo atayamba kusungidwa mu 2003, vuto la matope lidawonekera kumtunda ndi kumunsi, ndipo kuwunika kwachitsanzo komanso kafukufuku wofananira wa dothi adachitidwa kuti agwire ntchito ya TGP mwachindunji. Cholinga chowunikira chimaphatikizapo zinthu izi: Kudziwa mbiri yakale ya momwe mayendedwe achilengedwe asanatengedwe; Kufotokozera za chigamulo cha pulani ya instalment impounding; kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ya kusinthasintha kwa kukokoloka ndi kuika pamtunda pamwamba ndi pansi pambuyo potsekera, ndikupeza mavuto, kuti athetse nthawi; kutsimikizira ukadaulo woyeserera womwe watengedwa, ndikuwonjezera kukhulupirika kwa kulosera kwa dothi la TGP.

Mitundu yowonera ma hydrological sediment prototype imaphatikizapo malo osungira, malo amadamu, ndi malo otsika. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1949, kutengera muyeso wa nthawi yayitali wa dothi, kuyang'ana kwa njira, ndi kufufuza ndi kufufuza, zambiri zowunikira ndi kufufuza zotsatira zafukufuku zakhala zikusonkhanitsidwa, motero zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zakukonzekera, kupanga ndi kufufuza kwa sayansi mu gawo lotanthauzira. Ntchito yomangayo ndi yanthawi yochepa kuti ikwaniritse prophase, ndipo nthawi yonse yomanga ndi 17a, kotero ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mosalekeza kusinthasintha kwa madzi, matope, ndi malire. Izi sizimangopereka kudalira kwa mapangidwe, kafukufuku wa sayansi, zomangamanga, ndi ntchito, komanso kutsimikizira ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa mapangidwe ndi malamulo.

Zomwe zimawunikira makamaka hydrology, sediment, ndi ma channel terrain. Kafukufuku wa mayendedwe a tchanelo makamaka amafuna kudziwa kusinthika kwa tchanelo mu zosaphika, kuyika kwa dothi pamalo osungira, kukokoloka kunsi kwa mtsinje, ndi kusinthika kwa makiyi pambuyo pakutsekeredwa kwa TGP.

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Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-04-2024