Dziko la Philippines, monga dziko lokhala ndi zilumba zambiri, lili ndi madzi ambiri komanso likukumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu okhudza kayendetsedwe ka madzi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za momwe sensa yamadzi ya 4-in-1 imagwirira ntchito (kuyang'anira nayitrogeni ya ammonia, nayitrogeni ya nitrate, nayitrogeni yonse, ndi pH) imagwirira ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana ku Philippines, kuphatikizapo ulimi wothirira, madzi a m'matauni, kuthana ndi masoka adzidzidzi, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Mwa kuwunika zochitika zenizenizi, titha kumvetsetsa momwe ukadaulo wophatikizana uwu umathandizira Philippines kuthana ndi mavuto okhudza kayendetsedwe ka madzi, kukonza magwiridwe antchito a kuwunika, komanso kupereka chithandizo cha deta nthawi yeniyeni popanga zisankho.
Mbiri ndi Mavuto a Kuwunika Ubwino wa Madzi ku Philippines
Monga dziko lokhala ndi zilumba zoposa 7,000, dziko la Philippines lili ndi madzi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mitsinje, nyanja, madzi apansi panthaka, ndi malo akuluakulu a m'nyanja. Komabe, dzikolo likukumana ndi mavuto apadera pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi. Kukula kwa mizinda mwachangu, ntchito zaulimi zambiri, chitukuko cha mafakitale, komanso masoka achilengedwe omwe amachitika pafupipafupi (monga mphepo zamkuntho ndi kusefukira kwa madzi) zikuwopseza kwambiri ubwino wa madzi. Poganizira izi, zipangizo zowunikira ubwino wa madzi monga sensa ya 4-in-1 (yoyeza ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen, ndi pH) zakhala zida zofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka madzi ku Philippines.
Mavuto a madzi ku Philippines akuwonetsa kusiyana kwa madera. M'madera omwe ulimi umagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, monga Central Luzon ndi madera ena a Mindanao, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mopitirira muyeso kwapangitsa kuti nayitrogeni ikhale yambiri (makamaka ammonia nitrogen ndi nitrate nitrogen) m'madzi. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kutayika kwa ammonia kuchokera ku urea yomwe imayikidwa pamwamba pa nthaka m'minda ya mpunga ku Philippines kumatha kufika pafupifupi 10%, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza komanso kupangitsa kuti madzi aipitsidwe. M'madera okhala m'mizinda monga Metro Manila, kuipitsidwa ndi zitsulo zolemera (makamaka lead) ndi kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndizovuta kwambiri m'maboma. M'madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi masoka achilengedwe monga Typhoon Haiyan ku Tacloban City, njira zoperekera madzi zowonongeka zinapangitsa kuti madzi akumwa aipitsidwe ndi ndowe, zomwe zinayambitsa matenda otsegula m'mimba.
Njira zowunikira ubwino wa madzi zachikhalidwe zimakumana ndi zopinga zambiri ku Philippines. Kusanthula kwa labotale kumafuna kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo ndi kunyamula kupita nazo ku ma lab okhazikika, zomwe zimatenga nthawi komanso zodula, makamaka m'madera akutali a zilumba. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zowunikira za parameter imodzi sizingapereke chithunzi chokwanira cha ubwino wa madzi, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri nthawi imodzi kumawonjezera zovuta zamakina ndi ndalama zokonzera. Chifukwa chake, masensa ophatikizidwa omwe amatha kuyang'anira magawo ofunikira ambiri nthawi imodzi amakhala ndi phindu lapadera ku Philippines.
Nayitrogeni ya Ammonia, nayitrogeni ya nitrate, nayitrogeni yonse, ndi pH ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri poyesa thanzi la madzi. Nayitrogeni ya Ammonia imachokera makamaka ku madzi otayira m'minda, zimbudzi zapakhomo, ndi madzi otayira m'mafakitale, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumakhala koopsa kwambiri ku zamoyo zam'madzi. Nayitrogeni ya nitrate, yomwe imachokera ku kusungunuka kwa nayitrogeni, imayambitsa zoopsa pa thanzi monga blue baby syndrome ikamwedwa mopitirira muyeso. Nayitrogeni yonse imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'madzi ndipo ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri poyesa zoopsa za eutrophication. Pakadali pano, pH imakhudza kusintha kwa mitundu ya nayitrogeni ndi kusungunuka kwa zitsulo zolemera. Pansi pa nyengo yotentha ya ku Philippines, kutentha kwambiri kumathandizira kuwonongeka kwa organic ndi kusintha kwa nayitrogeni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyang'anira magawo awa nthawi yeniyeni kukhala kofunikira kwambiri.
Ubwino waukadaulo wa masensa a 4-in-1 uli mu kapangidwe kawo kophatikizana komanso kuthekera kowunikira nthawi yeniyeni. Poyerekeza ndi masensa achikhalidwe a single-parameter, zida izi zimapereka deta nthawi imodzi pazigawo zingapo zokhudzana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito ayang'anire bwino komanso kuwulula ubale pakati pa magawo. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa pH kumakhudza mwachindunji mulingo pakati pa ma ayoni a ammonium (NH₄⁺) ndi ammonia yaulere (NH₃) m'madzi, zomwe zimatsimikiza chiopsezo cha kusokonekera kwa ammonia. Mwa kuyang'anira magawo awa pamodzi, kuwunika kwathunthu kwa ubwino wa madzi ndi zoopsa zodetsa kungathe kuchitika.
Malinga ndi nyengo yapadera ya ku Philippines, masensa a 4-in-1 ayenera kusonyeza kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwa chilengedwe. Kutentha kwambiri ndi chinyezi zimatha kusokoneza kukhazikika kwa masensa ndi moyo wawo, pomwe mvula yambiri ingayambitse kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa madzi, zomwe zimasokoneza kulondola kwa masensa owonera. Chifukwa chake, masensa a 4-in-1 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Philippines nthawi zambiri amafunikira kubweza kutentha, mapangidwe oletsa kuwononga zinthu, komanso kukana kugwedezeka ndi kulowa kwa madzi kuti athe kupirira chilengedwe chovuta cha zilumba za m'dzikolo.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito pa Kuwunika Madzi Othirira Ulimi
Monga dziko la alimi, mpunga ndiye mbewu yofunika kwambiri ku Philippines, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mpunga. Kugwiritsa ntchito masensa amadzi anayi mu imodzi m'makina othirira ku Philippines kumapereka chithandizo champhamvu chaukadaulo pakuthirira molondola komanso kuwongolera kuipitsa kwa madzi osachokera ku magwero. Mwa kuyang'anira nayitrogeni wa ammonia, nayitrogeni wa nitrate, nayitrogeni yonse, ndi pH m'madzi othirira nthawi yeniyeni, alimi ndi akatswiri a zaulimi amatha kuyang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mwasayansi, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa nayitrogeni, ndikuletsa madzi oyenda m'madzi kuti asaipitse madzi ozungulira.
Kusamalira Nayitrogeni Munda wa Mpunga ndi Kuwongolera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Feteleza Moyenera
Pansi pa nyengo yotentha ya ku Philippines, urea ndiye feteleza wa nayitrogeni wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'minda ya mpunga. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kutayika kwa ammonia kuchokera ku urea wothiridwa pamwamba pa nthaka m'minda ya mpunga ya ku Philippines kumatha kufika pafupifupi 10%, zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi pH ya madzi othirira. Pamene pH ya madzi a mpunga ikukwera pamwamba pa 9 chifukwa cha ntchito ya algae, kutayika kwa ammonia kumakhala njira yayikulu yotayira nayitrogeni, ngakhale m'nthaka ya acidic. Sensor ya 4-in-1 imathandiza alimi kudziwa nthawi yoyenera yothira feteleza ndi njira poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa pH ndi ammonia nayitrogeni nthawi yeniyeni.
Ofufuza zaulimi aku Philippines agwiritsa ntchito masensa 4-in-1 kuti apange "ukadaulo woyika mozama m'madzi" wa feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Njirayi imakulitsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni mwa kuwongolera mwasayansi momwe madzi am'munda amakhalira komanso njira zoberekera. Njira zazikulu ndi izi: kusiya kuthirira masiku angapo feteleza isanakwane kuti nthaka iume pang'ono, kuyika urea pamwamba, kenako kuthirira pang'ono kuti nayitrogeni ilowe mu nthaka. Deta ya masensa ikuwonetsa kuti njira iyi imatha kupereka nayitrogeni yoposa 60% mu nthaka, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mpweya ndi madzi otuluka pamene ikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni ndi 15-20%.
Mayeso akumunda ku Central Luzon pogwiritsa ntchito masensa 4-in-1 adawonetsa mphamvu ya nayitrogeni pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoberekera. Pogwiritsira ntchito pamwamba pa nthaka, masensa adalemba kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nayitrogeni ya ammonia patatha masiku 3-5 ataberekera, kutsatiridwa ndi kuchepa mwachangu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuyikidwa mozama kunapangitsa kuti nayitrogeni ya ammonia itulutsidwe pang'onopang'ono komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Deta ya pH idawonetsanso kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa pH yamadzi ndi kuyikidwa mozama, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusinthasintha kwa ammonia. Zomwe zapezekazi nthawi yeniyeni zidapereka chitsogozo cha sayansi chowongolera njira zoberekera.
Kuwunika kwa Kuipitsidwa kwa Madzi Othirira
Madera ambiri a ulimi ku Philippines akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu osakhala ndi malo oipitsa mpweya, makamaka kuipitsa mpweya kuchokera ku ngalande za mpunga. Masensa anayi mu imodzi omwe amayikidwa m'ngalande zamadzi ndi m'madzi olandirira madzi nthawi zonse amawunika kusintha kwa mpweya kuti awone momwe ulimi umakhudzira chilengedwe. Mu polojekiti yowunikira ku Bulacan Province, ma network a masensa adalemba kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa nayitrogeni m'ngalande zothirira nthawi yamvula poyerekeza ndi nyengo youma. Zomwe zapezekazi zidathandizira njira zoyendetsera zakudya zanyengo.
Masensa a 4-in-1 nawonso achita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa mapulojekiti a sayansi ya nzika m'madera akumidzi ku Philippines. Mu kafukufuku ku Barbaza, Antique Province, ofufuza adagwirizana ndi alimi am'deralo kuti ayese ubwino wa madzi kuchokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito masensa a 4-in-1 onyamulika. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ngakhale madzi a m'chitsime adakwaniritsa pH ndi miyezo yonse ya zinthu zosungunuka, kuipitsidwa kwa nayitrogeni (makamaka nitrate nitrogen) kunapezeka, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi njira zoberekera zapafupi. Zomwe zapezekazi zidapangitsa anthu ammudzi kusintha nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa feteleza, kuchepetsa zoopsa za kuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansi panthaka.
*Tebulo: Kuyerekeza kwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masensa 4 mu 1 mu Machitidwe Osiyanasiyana a Ulimi ku Philippines
| Chitsanzo cha Ntchito | Magawo Oyang'aniridwa | Zomwe Zapezeka | Kuwongolera Kasamalidwe |
|---|---|---|---|
| Njira zothirira mpunga | Ammonia nayitrogeni, pH | Urea wothira pamwamba unapangitsa kuti pH ikwere komanso kuti 10% ya ammonia itaye mphamvu. | Malo otsetsereka oyendetsedwa ndi madzi |
| Kuthira madzi m'munda wa ndiwo zamasamba | Nayitrogeni ya nitrate, nayitrogeni yonse | Kutayika kwa nayitrogeni kochuluka ndi 40–60% nthawi yamvula | Nthawi yosintha feteleza, mbewu zophimba zinawonjezeredwa |
| Zitsime za anthu akumidzi | Nayitrogeni wa nitrate, pH | Kuipitsidwa kwa nayitrogeni kwapezeka m'madzi a m'chitsime, pH ya alkaline | Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza, chitetezo cha zitsime chimawonjezeka |
| Ulimi wa m'madzi ndi machitidwe aulimi | Ammonia nayitrogeni, nayitrogeni yonse | Kuthirira madzi otayira kunayambitsa kusonkhanitsa kwa nayitrogeni | Maiwe okonzedwa okonzedwa, kuthirira koyenera |
Tikhozanso kupereka njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera mavutowa
1. Chida chogwiritsira ntchito m'manja cha ubwino wa madzi okhala ndi magawo ambiri
2. Dongosolo loyandama la Buoy la ubwino wa madzi okhala ndi magawo ambiri
3. Burashi yoyeretsera yokha ya sensa yamadzi yokhala ndi magawo ambiri
4. Seti yonse ya ma seva ndi mapulogalamu opanda zingwe, imathandizira RS485 GPRS /4g/WIFI/LORA/LORAWAN
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Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-27-2025