Kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsa momwe zinthu zodetsa zomwe anthu amachita zimakhudza luso lawo lopeza maluwa
M'misewu yonse yodzaza anthu, zotsalira za utsi wa galimoto zimapachikidwa mumlengalenga, pakati pawo pali nitrogen oxides ndi ozone. Zonyansa zimenezi, zomwe zimatulutsidwanso ndi mafakitale ambiri ndi mafakitale amphamvu, zimayandama mumlengalenga kwa maola ambiri mpaka zaka zambiri. Asayansi akhala akudziwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuti mankhwala amenewa ndi owopsa pa thanzi la anthu. Koma tsopano, umboni wochuluka ukusonyeza kuti zonyansa zomwezi zimapangitsanso kuti moyo ukhale wovuta kwa tizilombo toyamwa mungu komanso zomera zomwe zimadalira tizilomboto.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya woipa imagwirizana ndi mankhwala omwe amapanga fungo la duwa, zomwe zimasintha kuchuluka ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwalawo mwanjira yomwe imalepheretsa wopopera mungu kupeza maluwa. Kuwonjezera pa kufunafuna zizindikiro zowoneka monga mawonekedwe kapena mtundu wa duwa, tizilombo timadalira "mapu" a fungo, kuphatikiza mamolekyulu a fungo omwe ali osiyana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa duwa, kuti tipeze chomera chomwe akufuna. Ozone ndi nitrogen oxides zomwe zili pansi zimalumikizana ndi mamolekyulu a fungo la maluwa, ndikupanga mankhwala atsopano omwe amagwira ntchito mosiyana.
"Zikusintha kwambiri fungo lomwe tizilomboti tikufuna," anatero Ben Langford, wasayansi wa mlengalenga wa UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology yemwe amafufuza nkhaniyi.
Oyambitsa mungu amaphunzira kulumikiza mankhwala apadera omwe duwa limatulutsa ndi mtundu womwewo komanso phindu lake la shuga. Mankhwala ofooka awa akakumana ndi zinthu zodetsa zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwambiri, zomwe zimachitikazo zimasintha kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu a fungo la maluwa komanso kuchuluka kwa mtundu uliwonse wa molekyulu, zomwe zimasintha fungo lake.
Ofufuza akudziwa kuti ozone imaukira mtundu wa kaboni womwe umapezeka m'mamolekyu a fungo la maluwa. Kumbali ina, ma nitrogen oxides ndi chinsinsi pang'ono, ndipo sizikudziwika bwino momwe mamolekyu a fungo la maluwa amachitira ndi mtundu uwu wa mankhwala. "Mapu a fungo ili ndi ofunikira kwambiri kwa obereketsa mungu, makamaka obereketsa mungu ouluka," adatero James Ryalls, katswiri wofufuza ku University of Reading. "Mwachitsanzo, pali njuchi zina za bumblebee zomwe zimangowona duwa pokhapokha ngati zili pafupi ndi duwa, kotero fungo ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa iwo pofunafuna chakudya."
Langford ndi mamembala ena a gulu lake anayamba kumvetsetsa momwe ozoni imasinthira mawonekedwe a fungo la duwa. Anagwiritsa ntchito ngalande ya mphepo ndi masensa kuti ayesere kapangidwe ka fungo la maluwa akamatulutsa fungo lawo lodziwika bwino. Kenako ofufuzawo anatulutsa ozoni pamlingo wawiri, umodzi womwe ndi wofanana ndi womwe UK imakumana nawo nthawi yachilimwe pamene kuchuluka kwa ozoni kuli kwakukulu, kulowa mu ngalande yokhala ndi mamolekyu a fungo la maluwa. Anapeza kuti ozoni imadya m'mphepete mwa fungo, ndikufupikitsa m'lifupi ndi kutalika.
Ofufuzawo adagwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwira njuchi yotchedwa proboscis extension. Mofanana ndi galu wa Pavlov, yemwe amatuluka malovu akamalira belu la chakudya chamadzulo, njuchi zimatambasula gawo la pakamwa pawo lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati chubu chodyetsera, chotchedwa proboscis, poyankha fungo lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi shuga. Asayansi atapereka njuchi izi ndi fungo lomwe nthawi zambiri limamva mamita asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera ku duwa, adatulutsa proboscis yawo 52 peresenti ya nthawi. Izi zidachepa kufika pa 38 peresenti ya nthawi ya fungo lomwe limayimira fungo lomwe lili pamtunda wa mamita 12 kuchokera ku duwa.
Komabe, pamene anagwiritsa ntchito kusintha komweko pa fungo lomwe limachitika mu utsi wowonongeka ndi ozone, njuchizo zinayankha 32 peresenti yokha pa chizindikiro cha mamita asanu ndi limodzi ndi 10 peresenti ya nthawi pa chizindikiro cha mamita 12. "Mumawona kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha njuchi zomwe zimatha kuzindikira fungo," adatero Langford.
Kafukufuku wambiri pa nkhaniyi wachitika m'malo ochitira kafukufuku, osati m'munda kapena m'malo achilengedwe a tizilombo. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la chidziwitsochi, asayansi ku University of Reading adakhazikitsa mapampu omwe amakankhira utsi wa ozone kapena dizilo m'magawo a munda wa tirigu. Kuyesera komwe kunakhazikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa mpweya wa mamita 26 kumathandiza ofufuza kuwunika momwe kuipitsa mpweya kumakhudzira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Gulu la ofufuza linayang'anira zomera za mpiru m'magawo kuti zipite ku zomera zonyamula mungu. Zipinda zina zinali ndi utsi wa dizilo womwe unapopedwa pamlingo wochepera muyezo wa mpweya wabwino wa EPA. M'malo amenewo, panali kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya tizilombo kupeza maluwa omwe timadalira kuti tidye. Kuphatikiza apo, zomera za mpiru zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu, ngakhale kuti zimabala zokha mungu, zinachepetsanso mpaka 31 peresenti mu miyeso ina ya kukula kwa mbewu, mwina chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mungu wochokera ku kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya.
Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti tizilombo tomwe timayamwa mungu tomwe timakumana ndi mavuto apadera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya komwe kukuchitika panopa. Koma pogwira ntchito limodzi ndi mavuto ena omwe tizilomboti timakumana nawo, kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kungayambitse mavuto m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Tikhoza kupereka masensa oyezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-08-2024